encyclopedia of world climatology.pdf

ENCYCLOPEDIA of

WORLD CLIMATOLOGY

Encyclopedia of

Earth Sciences Series

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD CLIMATOLOGY

Volume Editor

John E. Oliver is Professor Emeritus at Indiana State University. He holds a BSc from London University, and an

MA and PhD from Columbia University. He taught at Columbia University and then at Indiana State where he was

formerly Chair of the Geography-Geology Department, and Associate Dean, College of Arts and Sciences. He has

written many books and journal articles in Climatology, Applied Climatology and Physical Geography.

Advisory Board

Howard Bridgman

John Hay

Newcastle University

IGCI

Australia

University of Waikato New Zealand

Henry Diaz

Tim Oke

NOAA/CDC/OAR

University of British Columbia

USA

Canada

Michael Glantz

John Thornes

ESIG

University of Birmingham

NOAA

United Kingdom

USA

Aim of the Series

The Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series provides comprehensive and authoritative coverage of all the main areas in

the Earth Sciences. Each volume comprises a focused and carefully chosen collection of contributions from leading

names in the subject, with copious illustrations and reference lists.

These books represent one of the world’s leading resources for the Earth Sciences community. Previous volumes are

being updated and new works published so that the volumes will continue to be essential reading for all professional

earth scientists, geologists, geophysicists, climatologists, and oceanographers as well as for teachers and students.

See the back of this volume for a current list of titles in the Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series . Go to

www.eseo.com to visit the “Earth Sciences Encyclopedia Online” – the online version of this Encyclopedia Series.

About the Editors

Professor Rhodes W. Fairbridge has edited more than 30 Encyclopedias in the Earth Sciences Series. During his career

he has worked as a petroleum geologist in the Middle East, been a WW II intelligence ofﬁcer in the SW Paciﬁc and led

expeditions to the Sahara, Arctic Canada, Arctic Scandinavia, Brazil and New Guinea. He is currently Emeritus

Professor of Geology at Columbia University and is afﬁliated with the Goddard Institute for Space Studies.

Professor Michael Rampino has published more than 100 papers in professional journals including Science , Nature , and

Scientiﬁc American . He has worked in such diverse ﬁelds as volcanology, planetary science, sedimentology, and climate

studies, and has done ﬁeld work on six continents. He is currently Associate Professor of Earth and Environmental

Sciences at New York University and a consultant at NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF EARTH SCIENCES SERIES

WORLD CLIMATOLOGY

edited by

JOHN E. OLIVER

Indiana State University

ENCYCLOPEDIA of

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN-10 1-4020-3264-1 (HB) Springer Dordrecht, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York

ISBN-10 1-4020-3266-8 (e-book) Springer Dordrecht, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York

ISBN-13 978-1-4020-3264-6 (HB) Springer Dordrecht, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York

ISBN-13 978-1-4020-3266-0 (e-book) Springer Dordrecht, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York

Published by Springer

PO Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands

Printed on acid-free paper

Cover photo: Camex 4 satellite image of Hurricane Fran in the Atlantic, 27 August 2004.

Photo credit: NASA.

Every effort has been made to contact the copyright holders of the ﬁgures and tables which have been reproduced from other

sources. Anyone who has not been properly credited is requested to contact the publishers, so that due acknowledgement may

be made in subsequent editions.

No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, microﬁlming, recording or othewise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the

exception of any material supplied speciﬁcally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for

exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.

Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books, Bodmin, Cornwall

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