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Cisco - The Complete Reference

Brian Hill

McGraw-Hill /Osborne

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Berkeley, California 94710

U.S.A.

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United States of America. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976, no

part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any

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for publication.

1234567890 DOC DOC 0198765432

ISBN 0-07-219280-1

Publisher

Brandon A. Nordin

Vice President & Associate Publisher

Scott Rogersp

Editorial Director

Tracy Dunkelbergepr

Acquisitions Editor

Steven Elliot

Project Editor

Laura Stone

Acquisitions Coordinator

Alexander Corona

Technical Editors

Henry Benjamin, Tom Graham

Copy Editor

Chrisa Hotchkiss

Proofreader

Linda Medoff

Indexer

Valerie Perry

Computer Designers

Carie Abrew, Elizabeth Jang,

Melinda Moore Lytle, Lauren McCarthy

Illustrator

Jackie Sieben

Series Design

Peter F. Hancik

This book was composed with Corel VENTURA™ Publisher.

Information has been obtained by McGraw-Hill /Osborne from sources believed to be

reliable. However, because of the possibility of human or mechanical error by our

sources, McGraw-Hill /Osborne, or others, McGraw-Hill /Osborne does not guarantee

the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any information and is not responsible

for any errors or omissions or the results obtained from the use of such information.

To my wife and children: Beth, Chris, Jesse, and Tylor.

Yes, daddy is done with the book, and yes, he will leave

the computer room soon (maybe).

About the Author

Brian Hill , CCNP, CCNA, MCSE+I, MCSE, MCT, INet+, Net+, and A+, currently

holds the position of Lead Technology Architect and Senior Technical Trainer for

TechTrain, a fast-growing training company based in Charlotte, NC. Brian has been

in the computer industry since 1995, and has been an avid home-computing

enthusiast since he was eight years old. In previous positions, he has shouldered

responsibilities ranging from PC Technician to Senior Technical Director. Currently,

he is responsible for all network design duties and all technical interviews for new

staff members, and he is the technical trailblazer for the entire company. Brian also

holds the distinction of being one of the first 2,000 people in the world to achieve an

MCSE in Windows 2000.

Brian's Cisco background consists of over four years of in-depth, hands-on

experience with various models of routers and switches, as well as teaching

accelerated Cisco classes. Brian designed TechTrain's internal network, consisting of

Cisco 3500 switches, Cisco 2600 and 3600 routers, Cisco PIX firewalls, Cisco CE-

505 cache engines, Cisco 2948G layer 3 switches, and several HP Procurve access

switches. In addition, he designed TechTrain's expansive CCNA, CCNP, and CCIE

router racks, consisting of Catalyst 5500, 1900, and 3500 switches, Cisco 2600 and

3600 routers, Cisco 2511 RJ access servers, and an Adtran Atlas for POTS and

ISDN emulation. He is currently pursuing his Cisco CCIE certification.

You can reach Brian through his web site at http://www.alfageek.com .

Acknowledgments

Whew! It's been a long eight months, but the book is finally complete and in your

hands. Although it was a lot of fun to write, I have to admit that I am glad that the

writing is over (at least for a little while). I would like to take the time to thank all of the

people who have helped shape this book.

To Henry Benjamin, for his insight and words of encouragement, as well as his ability

to see what I was trying to accomplish and provide creative input.

To all of the people at McGraw-Hill/Osborne for help along the way and

understanding as the deadlines crept up. A heck of a lot of work went into this thing,

and you guys deserve a lot of the credit.

To Cisco, for cramming onto their web site nearly anything you could need to know

about anything they make. Although the explanations are sometimes lacking, the

quantity of information makes up for it.

To Google, for providing a great tool for searching the Cisco web site in the form of

the Google toolbar. I have retained most of my hair because of them.

To Paul Piciocchi, Brad Baer, and everyone else at TechTrain, for the understanding

and support along the way.

To Jeremy Beyerlein, for looking over the first few chapters and giving me his honest

opinion.

To my many students, who have helped me understand how to teach people and get

a point across.

To my mother, for telling me as a child that I could do anything I set my mind to.

To my wife, for believing in me when believing in me was unpopular.

To everyone who didn't believe in me. You gave me a reason to succeed.

And to everyone who chose this book out of the multitude of titles lining the

bookshelves. Thank you all, and I hope this book will be a useful reference for years

to come.

Introduction

Cisco: The Complete Reference is a lofty title for a book, and one that you could take

in a multitude of different directions. Some think that a book with this title should be

the "end all and be all" of Cisco books, including every possible Cisco technology and

the most obscure details of those technologies. Unfortunately, that book would

consist of over 50,000 pages, and it would be obsolete by the time you got it. (Cisco

has been trying for years to write that book; it's called the Cisco web site, and it's still

not complete.)

Rather, the tactic I chose for this book was to cover the most commonly used

technologies in most networks, with detailed explanations and a focus on practical

understanding and use. In most cases, although obscure details are somewhat

interesting, they really don't help much unless you are a contestant on "Cisco

Jeopardy." Therefore, I wrote a book that I feel people have the most need for: a

book designed to explain Cisco technology to the average network administrator or

junior network engineer who may need to understand and configure Cisco devices.

The goal of this book is not to help you pass tests (although it may do that) and not to

be the final word on any subject. Rather, the goal is to give you a complete

understanding of Cisco technologies commonly used in mainstream networks, so that

you can configure, design, and troubleshoot on a wide variety of networks using

Cisco products.

The book starts out innocently enough, beginning with Part I : Networking Basics, to

give you a refresher course on LAN and WAN protocols and general-purpose

protocol suites. In many cases, I also provide links to web sites to help you locate

additional reading materials. I suggest that you examine Part I in detail, especially

Chapter 6 on advanced IP, even if you feel you already know the subjects covered.

Without a solid understanding of the fundamentals, the advanced concepts are much

harder to grasp.

Part II , Cisco Technology Overview, provides an overview of Cisco networking

technologies, including references to most of the currently available Cisco networking

products. In this section, I provide reference charts with product capabilities and port

densities to help you quickly find the Cisco product you need to support your

requirements, which I hope will save you from hours of looking up datasheets on

Cisco's web site. Part II culminates with a look at common IOS commands for both

standard IOS and CatOS devices.

Part III , Cisco LAN Switching, covers Cisco LAN-switching technologies. Layers 2

through 4 are covered, including VLAN configuration, STP, MLS, queuing

techniques, and SLB switching. Like all chapters throughout the rest of the book,

these chapters focus first on understanding the basic technology, and second on

understanding that technology as it applies to Cisco devices.

Part IV , Cisco Routing, covers routing on Cisco devices. It begins with a chapter

explaining the benefits and operation of static routing, and progresses through more

and more complex routing scenarios before ending with a chapter on securing Cisco

routers with access lists. All major interior routing protocols are covered, including

RIP, EIGRP, and OSPF.

The appendix contains a complete index of all 540 commands covered in the book,

complete with syntax, descriptions, mode of operation, and page numbers. This

appendix is designed to be your quick reference to IOS commands on nearly any

Cisco device.

Finally, many enhanced diagrams and errata can be found on my personal web site,

at http://www.alfageek.com .

Thanks again, and enjoy!

Part I: Networking Basics

Chapter List

Chapter 1: The OSI Model

Chapter 2: Ethernet and Wireless LANs

Chapter 3: Frame Relay

Chapter 4: ATM and ISDN

Chapter 5: TCP/IP Fundamentals

Chapter 6: Advanced IP

Chapter 7: The IPX/SPX Suite

Part Overwiew

In this, the first of four parts, we will go over the basics of networking. This is one of

the few sections in the book where we will not be focusing solely on Cisco gear. This

information is important, however, because to understand the advanced topics we

will be exploring, you must have a solid grasp of the basic principles. Included in this

part of the book is a section on network models, a section on LAN technologies, and

a section on WAN technologies. This information will be invaluable later in the book

when we look at how Cisco devices use these principles. In addition, these sections

will help you understand all network environments, not just those dominated by Cisco

devices. That being said, I invite you to sit back, relax, and breathe in the technology

behind networking.

Chapter 1: The OSI Model

Overview

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a bit of an enigma. Originally

designed to allow vendor-independent protocols and to eliminate monolithic protocol

suites, the OSI model is actually rarely used for these purposes today. However, it

still has one very important use: it is one of the best tools available today to describe

and catalog the complex series of interactions that occur in networking. Because

most of the protocol suites in use now (such as TCP/IP) were designed using a

different model, many of the protocols in these suites don't match exactly to the OSI

model, which causes a great deal of confusion. For instance, some books claim that

Routing Information Protocol (RIP) resides at the network layer, while others claim it

resides at the application layer. The truth is, it doesn't lie solely in either layer. The

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