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Dictionary of Computer and Internet Terms Tenth Edition
Dictionary of
Computer and
Internet Terms
Tenth Edition
Douglas A. Downing, Ph.D.
School of Business and Economics
Seattle Pacific University
Michael A. Covington, Ph.D.
Artificial Intelligence Center
The University of Georgia
Melody Mauldin Covington
Covington Innovations
Athens, Georgia
Catherine Anne Covington
Covington Innovations
Athens, Georgia
With the assistance of
Sharon Covington
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Douglas Downing teaches economics and quantitative methods at the School of
Business and Economics at Seattle Pacific University. He is the author of several
books in both Barron’s Easy Way and Business Review series. He is also the author
of
Java Programming the Easy Way
and
Dictionary of Mathematics Terms
, published
by Barron’s Educational Series, Inc. He holds the Ph.D. degree in economics from
Yale University.
Michael Covington is Associate Director of the Artificial Intelligence Institute at
the University of Georgia. He is the author of several books and over 250 magazine
articles. He holds the Ph.D. degree in linguistics from Yale University.
Melody Mauldin Covington is a graphic designer living in Athens, Georgia. She
is the author of
Dictionary of Desktop Publishing
(published by Barron’s).
Catherine Anne Covington is a student at the Lamar Dodd School of Art
(University of Georgia).
Sharon Covington is a student at Emory University.
© Copyright 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1998, 1996, 1995, 1992, 1989,
and 1986 by Barron’s Educational Series, Inc.
All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed in
any form or by any means without the written permission
of the copyright owner.
All inquiries should be addressed to:
Barron’s Educational Series, Inc.
250 Wireless Boulevard
Hauppauge, NY 11788
www.barronseduc.com
ISBN-13: 978-0-7641-4105-8
ISBN-10: 0-7641-4105-8
Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 2008044365
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Downing, Douglas.
Dictionary of computer and Internet terms / Douglas A. Downing,
Michael A. Covington, Melody Mauldin Covington. — 10th ed.
p. cm.
ISBN 978-0-7641-4105-8
1. Computers—Dictionaries. 2. Internet—Dictionaries. I. Covington,
Michael A., 1957– II. Covington, Melody Mauldin. III. Title.
QA76.15.D667 2009
004.03—dc22
2008044365
PRINTED IN CHINA
987654321
CONTENTS
About the Authors .....................................................................ii
To the Reader ...........................................................................iv
Dictionary of Computer and Internet Terms.............................1
Numbers ............................................................................1
Greek Letters .....................................................................5
A ........................................................................................7
B ......................................................................................38
C ......................................................................................71
D ....................................................................................124
E ....................................................................................159
F.....................................................................................185
G ....................................................................................211
H ....................................................................................223
I......................................................................................242
J .....................................................................................264
K ....................................................................................272
L ....................................................................................276
M ...................................................................................296
N ....................................................................................322
O ....................................................................................336
P.....................................................................................349
Q ....................................................................................389
R ....................................................................................392
S.....................................................................................421
T ....................................................................................468
U ....................................................................................498
V ....................................................................................510
W ...................................................................................521
X ....................................................................................538
Y ....................................................................................543
Z ....................................................................................545
Visual Dictionary of Characters and Symbols......................547
Country Codes for Top-Level Domains................................552
TO THE READER
Computers are no longer just for specialists. Today, computing is not just a
profession and a hobby; it is also a tool used in virtually all human activities.
That’s why we’ve compiled this book of background knowledge. Its pur-
pose is to tell you the things other people think you already know.
We design this book to have a convenient size so it can be easily carried
around. In compiling a book this size, we have had to be selective. The
quickest way to identify a word that you can’t find in a book is probably to
do a web search (
see
SEARCH ENGINE
). Also, some terms are almost always
abbreviated, and in that case you should look for the abbreviation rather
than the full term.
Much has changed since the first edition of this book was published
more than twenty years ago. New terms are being invented every day. We
regularly update the book, and this edition contains new entries on a vari-
ety of topics including Windows Vista and Mac OS X. We’ve also cut out
material that was showing its age.
Terms are marked
slang
or
humorous
if they are seldom used in serious
writing. They are marked as
jargon
if, in our estimation, they are somewhat
pretentious new names for old concepts and are not likely to endure. We
provide occasional
Usage notes
to explain grammar, spelling, and proper
use of words, such as the exact difference between
disc
and
disk
.
Throughout, we use
SMALL CAPITALS
to mark important words that are
defined elsewhere in this book. By following cross-references, you can
quickly find many entries that pertain to whatever interests you. Here are
some entries you may wish to start with to learn about particular topics:
•
Internet culture:
CHAT ROOM
•
right and wrong:
COMPUTER ETHICS
•
safe computing:
COMPUTER SECURITY
•
solving exceptionally difficult problems:
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
•
productively using computers in business and daily life:
APPLICATION
PROGRAM
•
listening to music:
DIGITAL MUSIC
•
taking pictures:
DIGITAL CAMERA
•
creating web pages:
HTML
•
writing computer programs:
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
•
software that controls a computer:
OPERATING SYSTEM
•
how a computer works:
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
•
networking and the Internet:
INTERNET
•
connecting computers wirelessly:
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
•
electronic components:
TRANSISTOR
iv
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