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Great Lives from History
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Great Lives from History
Volume 1
4Abbas ibn Firnas - Philip Emeagwali
Editor
Alvin K. Benson
Utah Valley University
SALEM PRESS
Pasadena, California
Hackensack, New Jersey
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Editor in Chief: Dawn P. Dawson
Editorial Director: Christina J. Moose
Development Editor: R. Kent Rasmussen
Manuscript Editor: Timothy M. Tiernan
Acquisitions Editor: Mark Rehn
Editorial Assistant: Brett Weisberg
Research Supervisor: Jeffry Jensen
Research Assistant: Keli Trousdale
Photo Editor: Cynthia Breslin Beres
Production Editor: Andrea E. Miller
Graphics and Design: James Hutson
Layout: Mary Overell
Cover photos (pictured clockwise, from top left): Madam C. J. Walker (The Granger Collection, New York);
Model T (©Margojh/Dreamstime.com); Thomas Alva Edison (The Granger Collection, New York); Chinese pa-
per (©iStockphoto.com); Leonardo da Vinci (The Granger Collection, New York); Vintage typewriter (©Michael
Flippo/Dreamstime.com); Steve Jobs (Getty Images); Cristofori piano (The Granger Collection, New York);
Nikola Tesla (The Granger Collection, New York)
Copyright © 2010, by Salem Press
All rights in this book are reserved. No part of this work may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information
storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner except in the case of brief quotations
embodied in critical articles and reviews or in the copying of images deemed to be freely licensed or in the public
domain. For information address the publisher, Salem Press, at csr@salempress.com.
The paper used in these volumes conforms to the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed
Library Materials, Z39.48-1992 (R1997).
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Great lives from history. Inventors and inventions / editor, Alvin K. Benson.
p. cm. — (Great lives from history)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-58765-522-7 (set : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-58765-523-4 (vol. 1 : alk. paper) —
ISBN 978-1-58765-524-1 (vol. 2 : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-58765-525-8 (vol. 3 : alk. paper) —
ISBN 978-1-58765-526-5 (vol. 4 : alk. paper)
1. Inventors—Biography. 2. Inventions—History. I. Benson, Alvin K. II. Title: Inventors and inventions.
T39.G75 2009
609.2’2—dc22
2009026443
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
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CONTENTS
Publisher’s Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Editor’s Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Key to Pronunciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Complete List of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
List of Inventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii
Carl Bosch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Walther Bothe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Herbert Wayne Boyer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Otis Boykin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Willard S. Boyle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Louis Braille . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Giovanni Branca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Jacques Edwin Brandenberger . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Walter H. Brattain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Karl Ferdinand Braun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Wernher von Braun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
John Moses Browning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
William Bullock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Robert Wilhelm Bunsen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Luther Burbank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
William Seward Burroughs . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
David Bushnell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Nolan K. Bushnell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Abbas ibn Firnas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Edward Goodrich Acheson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
George Biddell Airy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
George Edward Alcorn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Ernst Alexanderson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Luis W. Álvarez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Marc Andreessen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Archimedes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Aristotle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Sir Richard Arkwright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Edwin H. Armstrong. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Arthur James Arnot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
John Vincent Atanasoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Hertha Marks Ayrton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Cai Lun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Robert Cailliau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
John Campbell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Marvin Camras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Chester F. Carlson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Wallace Hume Carothers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Willis Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
George R. Carruthers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Edmund Cartwright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
George Washington Carver . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
George Cayley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Vinton Gray Cerf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Georges Claude. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Josephine Garis Cochran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Sir Christopher Cockerell . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Stanley Norman Cohen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Samuel Colt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
William Fothergill Cooke . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
William David Coolidge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Martin Cooper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Peter Cooper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Martha J. Coston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Frederick Gardner Cottrell . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Jacques Cousteau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Joshua Lionel Cowen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Seymour Cray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Bartolomeo Cristofori . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Charles Babbage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Roger Bacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Leo Hendrik Baekeland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Alexander Bain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Benjamin Banneker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
John Bardeen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Patricia Bath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Andrew Jackson Beard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
J. Georg Bednorz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Semi Joseph Begun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Georg von Békésy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Alexander Graham Bell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Carl Benz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Friedrich Bergius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Emile Berliner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Tim Berners-Lee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Clifford Berry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Sir Henry Bessemer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Edwin Binney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Gerd Binnig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Clarence Birdseye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Katharine Burr Blodgett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Marie Anne Victoire Boivin . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
H. Cecil Booth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
v
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