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Whitaker, Jerry C. “Frontmatter”

Power Vacuum Tubes Handbook 2 nd Edition.

Ed. Jerry C. Whitaker

Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2000

ELECTRONICS HANDBOOK SERIES

Series Editor:

Jerry C. Whitaker

Technical Press

Morgan Hill, California

PUBLISHED TITLES

AC POWER SYSTEMS HANDBOOK, SECOND EDITION

Jerry C. Whitaker

THE ELECTRONIC PACKAGING HANDBOOK

Glenn R. Blackwell

POWER VACUUM TUBES HANDBOOK, SECOND EDITION

Jerry C. Whitaker

INTERCONNECTING ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS

Jerry C. Whitaker and Gene DeSantis

FORTHCOMING TITLES

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS MAINTENANCE HANDBOOK

Jerry C. Whitaker

FORMULAS FOR THERMAL DESIGN OF ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT

Ralph Remsberg

THE RESOURCE HANDBOOK OF ELECTRONICS

Jerry C. Whitaker

POWER

VACUUM

TUBES

HANDBOOK

Second Edition

Jerry C. Whitaker

CRC Press

Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Whitaker, Jerry C.

Power vacuum tubes handbook / Jerry C. Whitaker

p. cm. -- (Electronics handbook series)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-8493-1345-7 (alk. paper)

1. Vacuum tubes.

2. Power electronics. I. Title. II. Series.

TK7871.72.W47 1999

621.3815’12--dc21

99-21062

CIP

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material

is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable

efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot

assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use.

Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic

or mechanical, including photocopying, microﬁlming, and recording, or by any information storage or

retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.

The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for

creating new works, or for resale. Speciﬁc permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC

for such copying.

Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431.

Trademark Notice:

Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are

used only for identiﬁcation and explanation, without intent to infringe.

No claim to original U.S. Government works

International Standard Book Number 0-8493-1345-7

Library of Congress Card Number 99-21062

Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

Printed on acid-free paper

Preface

The phrase “high technology” is perhaps one of the more overused descriptions in our

technical vocabulary. It is a phrase generally reserved for discussion of integrated cir-

cuits, fiber optics, satellite systems, and computers. Few people would associate high

technology with vacuum tubes. The notion that vacuum tube construction is more art

than science may have been true 10 or 20 years ago, but today it’s a different story.

The demand on the part of industry for tubes capable of higher operating power and

frequency, and the economic necessity for tubes that provide greater efficiency and re-

liability, have moved power tube manufacturers into the high-tech arena. Advance-

ments in tube design and construction have given end users new transmitters and RF

generators that allow industry to grow and prosper.

If you bring up the subject of vacuum tubes to someone who has never worked on a

transmitter or high-power RF generator, you are likely to get a blank stare and a ques-

tion: “Do they make those anymore?” Although receiving tubes have more-or-less dis-

appeared from the scene, power tubes are alive and well and are performing vital func-

tions in thousands of divergent applications. Solid-state and tube technologies each

have their place, each with its strengths and weaknesses. It should be noted that even re-

ceiving tubes are staging somewhat of a comeback in high-end audio applications.

Tube design and development, although accompanied by less fanfare, is advancing

as are developments in solid-state technology. Power tubes today are designed with an

eye toward high operating efficiency and high gain/bandwidth properties. Above all, a

tube must be reliable and provide long operating life. The design of a new power tube is

a lengthy process that involves computer-aided calculations and advanced modeling.

Despite the inroads made by solid-state technology, the power vacuum tube occu-

pies—and will continue to occupy—an important role in the generation of high-power

radio frequency energy in the high-frequency regions and above. No other device can

do the job as well. Certainly, solid-state cannot, especially if cost, size, and weight are

important considerations.

The field of science encompassed by power vacuum tubes is broad and exciting. It is

an area of growing importance to military and industrial customers, and a discipline in

which significant research is now being conducted.

Power vacuum tubes include a wide range of devices, each for specific applications.

Devices include power grid tubes (triodes, tetrodes, and pentodes) and microwave

power tubes (klystrons, traveling wave tubes, gyrotrons, and numerous other high-fre-

quency devices). Research is being conducted for both tube classes to extend output

power and maximum frequency, and to improve operating efficiency.

This book examines the underlying technology of each type of power vacuum tube

device in common use today and provides examples of typical applications. New devel-

opment efforts also are reported, and the benefits of the work explained.

This Second Edition of Power Vacuum Tubes is directed toward engineering person-

nel involved in the design, specification, installation, and maintenance of high-power

equipment utilizing vacuum tubes. Basic principles are discussed, with emphasis on

how the underlying technology dictates the applications to which each device is dedi-

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