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71. Adverbs
Most adverbs are formed by adding -mente to the feminine singular form of the adjective. However,
two common adverbs that do not end in -mente are despacio (slowly) and demasiado (too much).
Adjective
Adverb
correcto
facil
claro
absoluto
rapido
correctamente
facilmente
claramente
absolutamente
rapidamente
correctly
easily
clearly
absolutely
rapidly
Lo + adverb + que expresses how , while lo mas + adverb + an expression of possibility is
translated: as ... as ...
lo bien que how well
lo mas pronto posible as soon as possible
72. Passive Voice
In passive sentences, the subject receives the action of the verb. In active sentences, the subject
does the action. However, the meaning of both sentences is the same. The passive voice in Spanish
is formed with a tense of ser and a past participle. Ser should be in the same tense as the verb in its
corresponding active sentence. The agent is expressed by por if the action is physical; and by de if
mental. The past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject. If you use estar instead of
ser, the past participle is called the predicate adjective and it is not a passive sentence.
Active El viento destrue la casa. The wind destroys the house.
Passive La casa fue destruida por el viento. The house was destroyed by the wind.
Predicate Adjective Cuando la vi, la casa estaba
destruida.
When I saw it, the house was
destroyed.
El nino fue castigado por su padre. The boy was punished by his father.
Rosa es amada de todos. Rose is loved by everyone.
73. Uses of the Infinitive
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The infinitive is translated as a gerund (the -ing form of the verb) after these words: el, al , a
preposition, ver or oír .
El correr es buen ejercicio. Running is good exercise.
Partío sin hablar . He left without speaking.
Oigo cantar a Maria . I hear Maria singing.
74. Shopping
department
store
el almacén
shop/store
la tienda
shopping mall
el centro
comercial
(open-air) market
el mercado (al
aire libre)
belt
el cintúron
(fixed) price
el precio (fijo)
glasses
las gafas
sale
la rebaja
gloves
los guantes
to bargain
regatear
sunglasses
los lentes de sol to spend money gastar
75. Post Office and Bank
post office
el correo
bank
el banco
envelope
el sobre
(traveler's) check
el cheque (de
viajero)
mailbox
el buzón
to cash (a check) cobrar
mail carrier
el cartero
to save (money) ahorrar
stamps
las estampillas to deposit
depositar
package
el paquete
account
la cuenta
76. Conditional Tense
The conditional tense expresses an idea dependent on a condition that is either expressed or
understood. It can also refer to the past when it expresses probability.
To form the present conditional, add these endings to the infintive for all three types of verbs. Verbs
that had irregular stems in the future tense, also use that stem for the conditional tense.
-ía -íamos
11073037.005.png
-ías
-ía
-íais
-ían
77. Infinitives followed by Prepositions
The following verbs require a, de, en or con when followed by another infinitive, although the
preposition is not always translated into English.
Verb + a + another infinitive
Verb + de + another infinitive
acostumbrarse
aprender
atreverse
ayudar
comenzar
convidar
decidirse
dedicarse
empezar
enseñar
invitar
ir
negarse
persuadir
principiar
rehusar
resignarse
resistirse
resolverse
venir
volver
to become used to
to learn to
to dare to
to help
to begin to
to invite to
to decide to
to devote oneself
to
to begin to
to teach to
to invite
to go to
to refuse to
to persuade to
to begin to
to refuse to
to resign oneself to
to resist
to resolve to
to come to
to return to
acabar
acordarse
alegrarse
aprovecharse
arrepentirse
cansarse
cesar
dejar
encargarse
gozar
jactarse
olvidarse
tratar
to have just
to remember
to be glad to
to profit by
to repent
to tire of
to cease
to cease
to take charge of
to take pleasure in
to boast of
to forget to
to try to
Verb + en + another infinitive Verb + con + another infinitive
consentir
consistir
divertirse
empeñarse
esforzarse
insistir
ocuparse
pensar
persistir
tardar
to consent to
to consist
to amuse oneself
to insist on
to endeavor to
to insist on
to busy oneself
to think of
to persist in
to delay in
contar
contentarse
soñar
to count on
to content oneself
with
to dream of
78. Office / School Supplies
pencil el lápiz
dictionary
el diccionario
eraser la goma
tape (audio) la cinta
pen
la pluma
map
el mapa
11073037.006.png
ink
la tinta
newspaper
el periódico
paper
el papel
novel
la novela
letter
la carta
backpack
la mochila
notebook el cuaderno stapler
la grapadora
book
el libro
scissors
unas tijeras
79. Parts of a Car / Gas Station
car
garage
tank
gasoline
oil
air
grease
tire
spare tire
wheel
steering wheel
brake
speed
slow
danger
stop
go
service station
el coche
el garage
el tanque
la gasolina
el aceite
el aire
la grasa
la llanta
llanta picada
la rueda
el volante
el freno
la velocidad
despacio
peligro
alto
siga, adelante
la estación de servicio
80. Subjunctive Mood
The subjunctive is not used very often in English, but is is very common and important in Spanish.
Some command forms are actually the subjunctive, so the formation of the present subjunctive should
not be too difficult.
Present Subjunctive
-ar verbs
-er and -ir
-e
-es
-e
-emos
-éis
-en
-a
-as
-a
-amos
-áis
-an
The past subjunctive is formed from the third person plural of the preterite. Remove the -on ending,
and add these new endings:
Past Subjunctive
all verbs
11073037.001.png
-a
-as
-a
-
amos
-ais
-an
An accent is added to the stem vowel as well in the first person plural form. Instead of hablaramos, it is
habláramos; instead of comieramos, it is comiéramos, etc. Note that there is another way to form the
past subjunctive (a different set of endings), but the endings given are used more often.
The present perfect subjunctive is formed with the present subjunctive of haber and the past participle
of the main verb. Similarly, the past perfect subjunctive is formed with the past subjunctive of haber
and the past participle of the main verb.
Present perfect subjunctive
Past perfect subjunctive
haya
hayas
haya
hayamos
hayáis
hayan
+ past
participle
hubiera
hubieras
hubiera
hubiéramos
hubierais
hubieran
+ past
participle
81. Irregular Subjunctive Mood
Many verbs are irregular in the present subjunctive mood:
dar - to give
decir - to say/tell
estar - to be
dé
des
dé
demos
deis
den
diga
digas
diga
digamos
digáis
digan
esté
estés
esté
estemos
estéis
estén
haber - to have hacer - to do/make
ir - to go
haya
hayas
haya
hayamos
hayáis
hayan
haga
hagas
haga
hagamos
hagáis
hagan
vaya
vayas
vaya
vayamos
vayáis
vayan
poder - to be able
to
poner - to
put/place
querer - to want
pueda
puedas
pueda
podamos
podáis
puedan
ponga
pongas
ponga
pongamos
pongáis
pongan
quiera
quieras
quiera
queramos
queráis
quieran
saber - to know
salir - to go out
ser - to be
sepa
sepas
sepa
sepamos
sepáis
sepan
salga
salgas
salga
salgamos
salgáis
salgan
sea
seas
sea
seamos
seáis
sean
tener - to have
traer - to bring
venir - to come
tenga
tengas
tenga
tengamos
tengáis
tengan
traigo
traigas
traiga
traigamos
traigáis
traigan
venga
vengas
venga
vengamos
vengáis
vengan
Many verbs are irregular in the past subjunctive as well:
dar - to give
decir - to say/tell
estar - to be
diera
dieras
diera
diéramos
dierais
dieran
dijera
dijeras
dijera
dijéramos
dijerais
dijeran
estuviera
estuvieras
estuviera
estuviéramos
estuvierais
estuvieran
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