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THE EXPERT’S VOICE ® IN OPEN SOURCE
Covers PHP
versions 5 and the
forthcoming 6
PHP XML and
Web Services
Master working with XML and Web services using PHP
Robert Richards
Pro
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Pro PHP XML and
Web Services
Robert Richards
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Pro PHP XML and Web Services
Copyright © 2006 by Robert Richards
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval
system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher.
ISBN-13: 978-1-59059-633-3
ISBN-10: 1-59059-633-1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data is available upon request.
Printed and bound in the United States of America 987654321
Trademarked names may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence
of a trademarked name, we use the names only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark
owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark.
Lead Editor: Matt Wade
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The information in this book is distributed on an “as is” basis, without warranty. Although every precaution
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any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly
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The source code for this book is available to readers at http://www.apress.com in the Source Code section.
This book is dedicated to my wife and best friend, Julie.
Thank you for your patience, support, and encouragement
at the times I most needed it.
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Contents
About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
About the Technical Reviewers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to XML and Web Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Exploring the History of XML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Using XML in the Real World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Introducing Service Oriented Architecture and Web Services . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Defining Common Terms and Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
CHAPTER 2 XML Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Introducing Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Understanding Basic Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Understanding Basic Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Using Namespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Using IDs, IDREF/IDREFS, and xml:id . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Using xml:space and xml:lang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Understanding XML Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
CHAPTER 3 Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Introducing Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Introducing Document Type Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Using XML Schemas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Using RELAX NG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
CHAPTER 4 XPath, XPointer, XInclude, and the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Introducing XPath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Introducing XPointer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
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■ CONTENTS
Introducing XInclude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Examining the Future of XML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
CHAPTER 5 PHP and XML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Introducing XML in PHP 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Configuring libxml Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Introducing Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Figuring Out the libxml2 Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Introducing Parser Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Introducing PHP Streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Performing Error Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
CHAPTER 6 Document Object Model (DOM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Introducing the DOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Using the DOM Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Performing Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Using XPath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Extending Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Common Questions, Misconceptions, and Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Migrating from domxml to the DOM Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Seeing Some DOM Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
CHAPTER 7 SimpleXML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Introducing SimpleXML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Using SimpleXML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Using Namespaces in SimpleXML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Using XPath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Seeing Some Examples in Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
CHAPTER 8 Simple API for XML (SAX) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Introducing SAX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Using the xml Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Migrating from PHP 4 to PHP 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
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