Biology for the IB Diploma Coursebook.pdf

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Biology

for the IB Diploma

Brenda Walpole

Ashby Merson-Davies

Leighton Dann

Course consultant:

Peter Hoeben

Cambridge University Press’s mission is to advance learning,

knowledge and research worldwide.

Our IB Diploma resources aim to:

• encourage learners to explore concepts, ideas and

topics that have local and global signiicance

• help students develop a positive attitude to learning in preparation

for higher education

• assist students in approaching complex questions, applying

critical-thinking skills and forming reasoned answers.

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town,

Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Tokyo, Mexico City

Cambridge University Press

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK

www.cambridge.org

Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521171786

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception

and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,

no reproduction of any part may take place without the written

permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2011

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-0-521-17178-6 Paperback

The publisher would like to thank the following teachers for reviewing the content:

Jennifer Clarke

Impington Village College, Impington

Sarah Jinks

St. Clare’s, Oxford

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or

accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in

this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is,

or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

This material has been developed independently by the publisher and the content is in no way

connected with nor endorsed by the International Baccalaureate Organisation.

Contents

Introduction

6 Human health and physiology I 130

Introduction

How to use this book

130

6.1 Digestion

130

1 Statistical analysis

6.2 The transport system

134

6.3 Defence against infectious disease

140

Introduction

6.4 Gas exchange

146

1.1 Mean and distribution

6.5 Nerves, hormones and homeostasis

149

1.2 The t -test

6.6 Reproduction

157

1.3 Correlation and cause

7 Nucleic acids and proteins (HL) 170

Introduction

2 Cells

170

Introduction

7.1 DNA structure

170

2.1 Cell theory

7.2 DNA replication

173

2.2 Prokaryotic cells

7.3 Transcription

175

2.3 Eukaryotic cells

7.4 Translation

177

2.4 Membranes

7.5 Proteins

182

2.5 Cell division

7.6 Enzymes

185

3 The chemistry of life

8 Cell respiration and

photosynthesis (HL)

Introduction

194

3.1 Chemical elements and water

Introduction

194

3.2 Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

8.1 Cell respiration

194

3.3 DNA structure

8.2 Photosynthesis

201

3.4 DNA replication

3.5 Transcription and translation

9 Plant science (HL)

214

3.6 Enzymes

Introduction

214

3.7 Cell respiration

9.1 Plant structure and growth

214

3.8 Photosynthesis

9.2 Transport in angiospermophytes

220

4 Genetics I 67

Introduction 67

4.1 Chromosomes, genes, alleles and mutation 67

4.2 Meiosis

9.3 Reproduction in angiospermophytes

228

10 Genetics II (HL)

236

Introduction

236

10.1 Meiosis

236

4.3 Theoretical genetics

10.2 Dihybrid crosses and gene linkage

240

4.4 Genetic engineering and biotechnology

10.3 Polygenic inheritance

248

5 Ecology and evolution

100

11 Human health and

physiology II (HL)

Introduction

100

253

5.1 Communities and ecosystems

100

Introduction

253

5.2 The greenhouse e ect

105

11.1 Defence against infectious disease

253

5.3 Populations

111

11.2 Muscles and movement

260

5.4 Evolution

113

11.3 The kidney

267

5.5 Classi cation

119

11.4 Reproduction

274

iii

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