Brain and Cognition.pdf

BRAIN AND COGNITION

Brain and Cognition

Some New Technologies

By Daniel Druckman and John I. Lacey, Editors

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BRAIN AND COGNITION

Brain and Cognition

Some New Technologies

Daniel Druckman and John I. Lacey, Editors

Committee on New Technologies in Cognitive Psychophysiology

Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education

National Research Council

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS

Washington, DC 1989

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing

Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of

the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the

Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were

chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures

approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National

Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of

Medicine.

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of

distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the

furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the

authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate

that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr.

Frank Press is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the

National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is

autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the

National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government.

The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at

meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior

achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of

Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences

to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination

of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the

responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to

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BRAIN AND COGNITION

be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of

medical care, research, and education. Dr. Samuel 0. Thier is president of the Institute of

Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in

1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's

purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in

accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become

the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the

National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public,

and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by

both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White

are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

This report was sponsored by the United States Army Research Institute.

Available from:

Committee on New Technologies in Cognitive Psychophysiology

National Research Council

2101 Constitution Avenue N.W.

Washington, D.C. 20418

COMMITTEE ON NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN

COGNITIVE PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY

JOHN I. LACEY (NAS) (Chair), Department of Psychology, Wright State University

(retired) (psychophysiology)

EMANUEL DONCHIN, Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign

(cognitive psychophysiology)

MICHAEL S. GAZZANIGA, Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School

(cognitive neuroscience, memory)

LLOYD KAUFMAN, Department of Psychology, New York University

(neuromagnetism, psychophysiology)

STEPHEN M. KOSSLYN, Department of Psychology, Harvard University (cognitive

neuroscience)

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BRAIN AND COGNITION

MARCUS E. RAICHLE, Division of Radiation Science,

Mallinckrodt Institute, Washington University (neurology)

DANIEL DRUCKMAN, Study Director (experimental social psychology)

ALISON J. FOLEY, Administrative Secretary

DONNA REIFSNIDER, Administrative Secretary

Preface

As a part of its mission to apply modern technology to military problems, the Army

Research Institute (ARI) asked the National Academy of Sciences/National Research

Council, in its primary role as science advisers to the federal government, to evaluate

recent technical developments in the monitoring of brain activity for their relevance to

basic and applied issues relating to the acquisition and maintenance of cognitive skills.

Accordingly, the Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education within

the National Research Council considered the proposal. The area to be reviewed is a part

of its continuing surveillance of the exploding field of psychobiology, particularly the

areas of learning and memory; the proposal provided an incentive to explore in detail a

part of this vast interdisciplinary venture. It was felt that a preliminary review could

result in an informed opinion, one based on actual experience with the technologies,

concerning the desirability, feasibility, and utility of a larger continuing study of the

relations between neuroscience and cognitive science.

The commission appointed a small Committee on New Technologies in Cognitive

Psychophysiology, specifying that its work was to be completed within the period of one

year. The committee was asked not only to conduct the requested review, but also, if it

seemed appropriate, to develop plans for a larger, broader, and continuing study. The

committee was requested also to suggest ways for ARI to monitor developments in the

field of cognitive psychophysiology.

vi PREFACE

The committee members were selected both for their acknowledged expertise in one of

the specific technologies covered in this report and for their breadth of contribution to

interdisciplinary theory and research. These contributors and their areas of primary

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BRAIN AND COGNITION

responsibility were: Emanuel Donchin, event-related potentials; Michael S. Gazzaniga,

studies of brain damage; Lloyd Kaufman, the magnetoencephalogram; Stephen M.

Kosslyn, cognitive psychology and cognitive science (with emphasis on one form of

interface with computer science); and Marcus E. Raichle, brain imaging (positron

emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging). Overall editorial responsibility

for the report was taken by Daniel Druckman, an experimental social psychologist who

was study director for the project, and myself, a psychophysiologist.

The committee met together twice. The first session was devoted to a briefing from the

ARI and then to detailed consideration of the structure and content of the report. Each

member outlined the essence of the state of his assigned field and the interrelationships

with the other areas of study. Through extensive discussions, a preliminary common

format was agreed upon, and writing tasks were assigned. This was followed by an

extensive period of writing, submission and circulation of drafts, and preliminary

revisions. The telephone and computer were the main vehicles of communication among

the committee members, study director Daniel Druckman, and myself.

A second meeting was held toward the end of the year, for purposes of melding the

separate materials into a more coherent whole, of arriving at a consensus concerning

controversial points, and for assessing the future of this preliminary venture and making

appropriate recommendations. It was followed by a final period of rewriting and editorial

work, again aided by extensive use of telephone and modem.

The report draws on a variety of techniques and concepts from diverse fields of research.

We ask for the reader's patience in making his or her way through this technical material

concerning an emerging interdisciplinary field. Dr. Druckman and I bear the

responsibility for any editorial deficiencies that remain, and we are grateful for the

careful reviews of the report by the Commission Behavioral and Social Sciences and

Education and the Report Review Committee.

On a personal note, I express profound thanks to Dr. Druckman for his skilled and

professional support of this venture. Special thanks and acknowledgments are made to

the administrative secretaries

PREFACE vii

Alison Foley and Donna Reifsnider and to Christine L. McShane, who carefully edited

the entire report.

John I. Lacey

Chair, Committee on New Technologies in

Cognitive Psychophysiology

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