The SAP R3 Handbook.pdf

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SAP R/3 Handbook, Second Edition
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Table of Contents
The SAP R/3 Handbook, Second Edition........................................................................................................1
Preface..................................................................................................................................................................2
Chapter 1: What Is SAP R/3?...........................................................................................................................4
Overview.................................................................................................................................................4
SAP AG: The Company Behind R/3......................................................................................................4
Profile and Evolution........................................................................................................................5
Strategy and Products.......................................................................................................................6
R/3 Release 3.0.................................................................................................................................8
R/3 Release 3.1.................................................................................................................................8
R/3 Release 4.0.................................................................................................................................9
R/3 Release 4.5...............................................................................................................................11
EnjoySAP: R/3 Release 4.6............................................................................................................11
SAP Transformation: From a Single−Product Company to a Global Business Solutions Company...11
SAP Industry Solutions..................................................................................................................13
The Emergence of the New Dimension Products..........................................................................14
Solution Maps.................................................................................................................................15
SAPnet−R/3 Front End (OSS........................................................................................................16
Partners...........................................................................................................................................18
SAP Services Overview........................................................................................................................19
Description of R/3.................................................................................................................................20
Multitier Client/Server Solutions...................................................................................................22
Open Technology...........................................................................................................................23
User Interface.................................................................................................................................24
ABAP Development Workbench...................................................................................................25
Application Integration...................................................................................................................26
Customizing Tools.........................................................................................................................26
R/3 Business Enginee....................................................................................................................27
R/3 Applications Overview...................................................................................................................28
Financial Applications....................................................................................................................28
Human Resources Applications.....................................................................................................30
Logistics Applications....................................................................................................................31
Cross Application Modules............................................................................................................34
Chapter 2: The Architecture of SAP R/3.......................................................................................................36
Overview...............................................................................................................................................36
R/3 Basis Software................................................................................................................................36
Basic Architectural Concepts................................................................................................................37
Transaction.....................................................................................................................................37
Dialog Step.....................................................................................................................................38
Logical Units of Work (LUWs).....................................................................................................38
Clients.............................................................................................................................................39
The System Central Interfaces..............................................................................................................40
Operating System Interface............................................................................................................40
The Dispatcher Process..................................................................................................................41
Work Process Architecture.............................................................................................................42
Services: Work Processes Types..........................................................................................................44
Dialog Work Processes..................................................................................................................45
Background Work Processes..........................................................................................................46
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Table of Contents
Chapter 2: The Architecture of SAP R/3
Spool Work Process.......................................................................................................................48
Enqueue Work Process...................................................................................................................48
Update Work Process.....................................................................................................................50
Message Serve...............................................................................................................................51
Gateway Server..............................................................................................................................52
Presentation Interface............................................................................................................................53
Database Interface.................................................................................................................................53
SAP R/3 Communication Protocols and Interfaces..............................................................................55
Memory Management...........................................................................................................................56
The Concept of a SAP Instance............................................................................................................58
Building the Client/Server SAP R/3 System........................................................................................58
Chapter 3: Installation Concepts and Guidelines.........................................................................................60
Overview...............................................................................................................................................60
Getting Started......................................................................................................................................61
Elements in a SAP R/3 Installation.......................................................................................................61
Installation Steps...................................................................................................................................62
Step 1: Sizing the System...............................................................................................................63
Step 2: Deciding On the Installation Type.....................................................................................65
Step 3: Checking Installation Requirements..................................................................................65
Step 4: Installing Hardware, Base Software, and Configuring the Network.................................66
Step 5: R/3 Installation Notes.........................................................................................................67
Step 6: Adapting Systems to SAP Requirements...........................................................................68
Step 7: Designing the Layout of File Systems...............................................................................69
Step 8: Installing the R3SETUP Tool............................................................................................74
Step 9: Install Central Instance.......................................................................................................75
Step 10: Install Database Software.................................................................................................76
Step 11: Build and Load the Database...........................................................................................77
Step 12: Import ABAP Report Loads.............................................................................................78
Finishing Up...................................................................................................................................78
Installing a Presentation Server On a Windows PC..............................................................................78
Postinstallation Steps............................................................................................................................80
Licensing the Installation...............................................................................................................81
Starting and Stopping the SAP R/3 System...................................................................................81
Performing a Full Backup..............................................................................................................81
Remote Connection to SAP............................................................................................................82
Optional Postinstallation Steps.......................................................................................................82
Further Guidelines for Productive Environments.................................................................................82
Considerations for Oracle VLDBs (Very Large Databases.................................................................83
Chapter 4: Distributing R/3 Systems.............................................................................................................85
Overview...............................................................................................................................................85
SAP Services Distribution and the Client/Server Architecture............................................................85
Centralized SAP Installations.........................................................................................................85
Factors for Distributing SAP..........................................................................................................87
The SAP Client/Server Architecture: Advantages and Disadvantages..........................................87
SAP Servers....................................................................................................................................88
SAP Services..................................................................................................................................89
Guidelines for Distributed Configurations with the R/3 System..........................................................89
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Table of Contents
Chapter 4: Distributing R/3 Systems
Directory Structure of R/3 Systems......................................................................................................91
Kernel Directory: What Do These Programs Do?..........................................................................93
Profiles..................................................................................................................................................96
Profile Types..................................................................................................................................97
Setting Up the Central System Log....................................................................................................102
Buffer Synchronization in Distributed Configurations.......................................................................103
Central and Local Storage of Executable Files under UNIX..............................................................104
Starting and Stopping SAP R/3..........................................................................................................105
Starting and Stopping R/3 Under Windows NT...........................................................................108
User Distribution: Logon Load Balancing and the SAPlogon Utility................................................109
Logon Groups Configuration.......................................................................................................109
The SAPlogon Application..........................................................................................................111
The Network in Distributed SAP R/3 Environments..........................................................................115
Chapter 5: Using SAP R/3.............................................................................................................................117
Logging On and Off the System.........................................................................................................117
Passwords.....................................................................................................................................119
Logging Off..................................................................................................................................121
The User Interface: Main Elements of the R/3 Window....................................................................121
The Standard Toolbar...................................................................................................................123
The Screen Layout Menu.............................................................................................................124
Shortcuts.......................................................................................................................................131
System Status Information...........................................................................................................132
Working with R/3 User Sessions........................................................................................................132
Moving Around the R/3 System.........................................................................................................133
Moving Around with Transaction Codes.....................................................................................134
Working with Information..................................................................................................................135
Possible Entries for an Input Field...............................................................................................136
Facilities for Entering the Same Data Repeatedly........................................................................137
Input Field Default Values with User Parameters........................................................................138
Getting Help in the R/3 System..........................................................................................................139
Working with Search Helps................................................................................................................141
Using Search Helps with the Simple Method..............................................................................143
Using Search Helps with the Fast Method...................................................................................143
Working with Reports.........................................................................................................................144
Looking for Reports.....................................................................................................................145
Executing Reports........................................................................................................................145
Using Selection Criteria...............................................................................................................146
Working with Reports Variants....................................................................................................146
Working with Background Jobs..........................................................................................................148
Scheduling Background Jobs.......................................................................................................149
User Printing.......................................................................................................................................151
The Print Screen...........................................................................................................................151
Monitoring the Status of Your Print Requests.............................................................................153
Additional User Utilities.....................................................................................................................153
Sending Short Messages...............................................................................................................153
Downloading Files to the Windows PC.......................................................................................154
EnjoySAP User Features.....................................................................................................................154
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Table of Contents
Chapter 6: The Transport System................................................................................................................156
Highlights............................................................................................................................................156
Overview of the Complete Process of Transporting Objects from a Source System to a Target
System.................................................................................................................................................157
Transport System Concepts................................................................................................................159
Development Objects...................................................................................................................159
Roles Involved in the Transport Process......................................................................................159
SAP System Group.......................................................................................................................159
Transport Layer............................................................................................................................160
Transport Routes..........................................................................................................................160
Change Requests..........................................................................................................................161
Tasks.............................................................................................................................................162
Development Teams.....................................................................................................................162
Development Classes...................................................................................................................163
Version Management...................................................................................................................163
Requests Documentation..............................................................................................................163
Repairs and Original Objects.......................................................................................................163
System Types......................................................................................................................................164
System Change Options...............................................................................................................165
Functions of the Systems..............................................................................................................166
System Types from the Perspective of the Workbench Organizer and Transport System..........167
Managing Development Classes.........................................................................................................169
Configuration of the Transport System...............................................................................................170
Step 1. Initializing the Change and Transport Organizer.............................................................171
Step 2. Setting Up the Transport Directory and the tp Program (TPPARAM)............................172
Step 3. Configuring the Transport Management System (TMS).................................................172
Step 4. Setting the System Change Option and the Client Settings.............................................173
The Transport Management System (TMS).......................................................................................173
Configuring Systems and Domains..............................................................................................173
Configuring Transport Routes......................................................................................................176
Distributing and Verifying TMS Configuration...........................................................................177
Working with the Workbench Organizer............................................................................................178
Creating Change Requests............................................................................................................179
Releasing Tasks and Requests......................................................................................................180
Monitoring Transports and Repairs..............................................................................................181
Transport Rules............................................................................................................................181
Checking Transport Results.........................................................................................................183
Object Attributes..........................................................................................................................185
Workbench Organizer Tools........................................................................................................185
The Transport Organizer.....................................................................................................................186
Performing Transports with the TMS.................................................................................................187
Using tp, the Transport Control Program...........................................................................................189
Setting Up the tp Program............................................................................................................190
Overview of Options for the tp Program......................................................................................194
Working with Imports Using tp....................................................................................................195
Managing Special Transports.......................................................................................................197
The Interface Between tp and ABAP...........................................................................................198
Overview of the R3trans Program......................................................................................................198
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