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C++ Module II
C++ Programming for
Game Developers
Module II
e-Institute Publishing, Inc.
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Frank Luna, C++ Programming for Games II
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Table of Contents
MODULE II OVERVIEW........................................................................................................................................................1
CHAPTER 10: INTRODUCTION TO TEMPLATES ..........................................................................................................2
I NTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................................3
C HAPTER O BJECTIVES .............................................................................................................................................................3
10.1 C LASS T EMPLATES ...........................................................................................................................................................4
10.1.1 Class Template Definition .......................................................................................................................................7
10.1.2 Class Template Implementation ..............................................................................................................................7
10.1.3 Class Template Instantiation...................................................................................................................................8
10.2 E XAMPLE : A T ABLE T EMPLATE C LASS .............................................................................................................................9
10.2.1 Table Data...............................................................................................................................................................9
10.2.2 Class Interface.......................................................................................................................................................10
10.2.3 The destroy Method ..........................................................................................................................................11
10.2.4 The resize Method ............................................................................................................................................11
10.2.5 The Overloaded Parenthesis Operator .................................................................................................................13
10.2.6 The Table Class.....................................................................................................................................................13
10.3 F UNCTION T EMPLATES ..................................................................................................................................................17
10.3.1 Example Program .................................................................................................................................................18
10.4 S UMMARY ......................................................................................................................................................................21
10.5 E XERCISES .....................................................................................................................................................................21
10.5.1 Template Array Class............................................................................................................................................21
10.5.2 Template Bubble Sort Function.............................................................................................................................22
10.5.3 Table Driver ..........................................................................................................................................................22
CHAPTER 11: ERRORS AND EXCEPTION HANDLING ...............................................................................................23
I NTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................................24
C HAPTER O BJECTIVES ...........................................................................................................................................................24
11.1 E RROR C ODES ................................................................................................................................................................24
11.2 E XCEPTION H ANDLING B ASICS ......................................................................................................................................26
11.3 A SSERT ..........................................................................................................................................................................29
11.4 S UMMARY ......................................................................................................................................................................31
11.5 E XERCISES .....................................................................................................................................................................31
11.5.1 Exception Handling...............................................................................................................................................31
CHAPTER 12: NUMBER SYSTEMS ...................................................................................................................................33
I NTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................................34
C HAPTER O BJECTIVES ...........................................................................................................................................................34
12.1 N UMBER S YSTEMS .........................................................................................................................................................34
12.1.1 The Windows Calculator .......................................................................................................................................35
12.2 T HE B INARY N UMBER S YSTEM ......................................................................................................................................37
12.2.1 Counting in Binary ................................................................................................................................................37
12.2.2 Binary and Powers of 2 .........................................................................................................................................38
12.2.3 Binary Arithmetic ..................................................................................................................................................39
Addition .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 39
Subtraction...................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
Multiplication ................................................................................................................................................................................. 43
12.2.4 Converting Binary to Decimal ..............................................................................................................................43
12.2.5 Converting Decimal to Binary ..............................................................................................................................44
12.3 T HE H EXADECIMAL N UMBER S YSTEM ...........................................................................................................................45
12.3.1 Counting in Hexadecimal......................................................................................................................................45
12.3.2 Hexadecimal Arithmetic ........................................................................................................................................46
Addition .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 46
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Subtraction...................................................................................................................................................................................... 47
Multiplication ................................................................................................................................................................................. 48
12.3.3 Converting Hexadecimal to Binary .......................................................................................................................48
12.3.4 Converting Binary to Hexadecimal .......................................................................................................................49
12.4 B ITS AND M EMORY ........................................................................................................................................................50
12.5 B IT O PERATIONS ............................................................................................................................................................51
12.5.1 AND.......................................................................................................................................................................51
12.5.2 Inclusive OR ..........................................................................................................................................................52
12.5.3 NOT .......................................................................................................................................................................52
12.5.4 Exclusive OR .........................................................................................................................................................53
12.5.5 Shifting ..................................................................................................................................................................53
12.5.6 Compound Bit Operators ......................................................................................................................................54
12.6 F LOATING -P OINT N UMBERS ..........................................................................................................................................54
12.7 S UMMARY ......................................................................................................................................................................56
12.8 E XERCISES .....................................................................................................................................................................57
12.8.1 Binary Arithmetic ..................................................................................................................................................57
12.8.2 Hex Arithmetic.......................................................................................................................................................57
12.8.3 Base Conversions ..................................................................................................................................................58
12.8.4 Bit Operations .......................................................................................................................................................59
12.8.5 Binary to Decimal .................................................................................................................................................61
12.8.6 Decimal to Binary .................................................................................................................................................61
12.8.7 Bit Operation Calculator.......................................................................................................................................61
12.9 R EFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................................................62
CHAPTER 13: STL PRIMER................................................................................................................................................63
I NTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................................64
C HAPTER O BJECTIVES ...........................................................................................................................................................64
13.1 P ROBLEMS WITH A RRAYS ..............................................................................................................................................64
13.2 L INKED L ISTS .................................................................................................................................................................66
13.2.1 Theory ...................................................................................................................................................................66
13.2.2 Traversing .............................................................................................................................................................71
13.2.3 Insertion ................................................................................................................................................................72
13.2.4 Deletion .................................................................................................................................................................73
13.3 S TACKS ..........................................................................................................................................................................74
13.3.1 Theory ...................................................................................................................................................................74
13.3.2 Stack Operations ...................................................................................................................................................76
13.4 Q UEUES .........................................................................................................................................................................78
13.4.1 Theory ...................................................................................................................................................................78
13.4.2 Queue Operations .................................................................................................................................................78
13.5 D EQUES .........................................................................................................................................................................80
13.5.1 Theory ...................................................................................................................................................................80
13.5.2 Deque Operations .................................................................................................................................................81
13.6 M APS .............................................................................................................................................................................81
13.6.1 Theory ...................................................................................................................................................................81
13.6.2 Insertion ................................................................................................................................................................81
13.6.3 Deletion .................................................................................................................................................................82
13.6.4 Traversal ...............................................................................................................................................................82
13.6.5 Searching...............................................................................................................................................................83
13.7 S OME A LGORITHMS .......................................................................................................................................................84
13.7.1 Functors ................................................................................................................................................................84
13.7.2 Some More Algorithms..........................................................................................................................................88
13.7.3 Predicates..............................................................................................................................................................90
13.8 S UMMARY ......................................................................................................................................................................91
13.9 E XERCISES .....................................................................................................................................................................93
13.9.1 Linked List .............................................................................................................................................................93
13.9.2 Stack ......................................................................................................................................................................93
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13.9.3 Queue ....................................................................................................................................................................94
13.9.4 Algorithms .............................................................................................................................................................94
CHAPTER 14: INTRODUCTION TO WINDOWS PROGRAMMING ...........................................................................95
I NTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................................96
C HAPTER O BJECTIVES ...........................................................................................................................................................97
14.1 Y OUR F IRST W INDOWS P ROGRAM .................................................................................................................................97
14.2 T HE E VENT D RIVEN P ROGRAMMING M ODEL ...............................................................................................................103
14.2.1 Theory .................................................................................................................................................................103
14.2.2 The MSG Structure...............................................................................................................................................103
14.3 O VERVIEW OF C REATING A W INDOWS A PPLICATION ..................................................................................................104
14.3.1 Defining the Window Procedure .........................................................................................................................105
14.3.2 The WNDCLASS Structure ...................................................................................................................................108
14.3.3 WNDCLASS Registration .....................................................................................................................................110
14.3.4 CreateWindow.....................................................................................................................................................110
14.3.5 Showing and Updating the Window ....................................................................................................................112
14.3.6 The Message Loop...............................................................................................................................................113
14.4 Y OUR S ECOND W INDOWS P ROGRAM ...........................................................................................................................113
14.5 S UMMARY ....................................................................................................................................................................116
14.6 E XERCISES ...................................................................................................................................................................117
14.6.1 Exit Message .......................................................................................................................................................117
14.6.2 Horizontal and Vertical Scroll Bars....................................................................................................................117
14.6.3 Multiple Windows................................................................................................................................................117
14.6.4 Change the Cursor ..............................................................................................................................................117
14.6.5 Blue Background .................................................................................................................................................118
14.6.6 Custom Icon ........................................................................................................................................................119
CHAPTER 15: INTRODUCTION TO GDI AND MENUS...............................................................................................122
I NTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................................123
C HAPTER O BJECTIVES .........................................................................................................................................................123
15.1 T EXT O UTPUT ..............................................................................................................................................................124
15.1.1 The WM_PAINT Message....................................................................................................................................124
15.1.2 The Device Context .............................................................................................................................................124
15.1.3 TextOut ............................................................................................................................................................125
15.1.3 Example Program ...............................................................................................................................................126
15.2 S HAPE P RIMITIVES .......................................................................................................................................................131
15.2.1 Drawing Lines .....................................................................................................................................................131
15.2.2 Drawing Rectangles ............................................................................................................................................137
15.2.3 Drawing Ellipses .................................................................................................................................................141
15.3 L OADING AND D RAWING B ITMAPS ..............................................................................................................................142
15.3.1 Loading ...............................................................................................................................................................142
15.3.2 Rendering ............................................................................................................................................................145
15.3.3 Deleting ...............................................................................................................................................................146
15.3.4 Sample Program..................................................................................................................................................146
15.4 P ENS AND B RUSHES .....................................................................................................................................................150
15.4.1 Pens .....................................................................................................................................................................150
15.4.2 Brushes................................................................................................................................................................151
15.5 S HAPE C LASSES ...........................................................................................................................................................152
15.5.1 Class Definitions .................................................................................................................................................152
15.5.2 Class Implementations ........................................................................................................................................154
15.6 M ENUS .........................................................................................................................................................................157
15.6.1 Creating a Menu Resource..................................................................................................................................157
15.6.2 Loading a Menu and Attaching it to a Window...................................................................................................160
15.6.3 Checking Menu Items ..........................................................................................................................................160
15.6.4 Selecting Menu Items ..........................................................................................................................................161
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