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FrequentlyAskedQuestionsaboutCalendars
Version2.8
ClausTøndering
15December2005
URL: http://www.tondering.dk/claus/calendar.html
Copyrightanddisclaimer
ThisdocumentisCopyrightc2005byClausTøndering.
E-mail:claus@tondering.dk.(Pleaseincludetheword“calendar”inthesubjectline.)
Thedocumentmaybefreelydistributed,providedthiscopyrightnoticeisincludedand
nomoneyischargedforthedocument.
Thisdocumentisprovided“asis”.Nowarrantiesaremadeastoitscorrectness.
Introduction
ThisisthecalendarFAQ.ItspurposeistogiveanoverviewoftheChristian,Hebrew,
Persian,andIslamiccalendarsincommonuse.Itwillprovideahistoricalbackground
fortheChristiancalendar,plusanoverviewoftheFrenchRevolutionarycalendar,the
Mayacalendar,andtheChinesecalendar.
Commentsareverywelcome.Mye-mailaddressisgivenabove.
Iwouldliketothank
•DrMonzurAhmedoftheUniversityofBirmingham,UK,
•MichaelJAppel,
•JayBall,
•TomBox,
•ChrisCarrier,
•SimonCassidy,
•ClausDobesch,
•CarlD.Goldin,
•LeofrancHolford-Strevens,
•DavidB.KelleyoftheHamamatsuUniversitySchoolofMedicineinJapan,
•H.Koenig,
•GrahamLewis,
•DuncanMacGregor,
•ColinMcNab,
•MarcosMontes,
•JamesE.Morrison,
•WaleedA.MuhannaoftheFisherCollegeofBusiness,Columbus,Ohio,USA,
•YvesSagnieroftheCentred’EtudesdelaNavigationAerienne,
•PaulSchlyteroftheSwedishAmateurAstronomer’sSociety,
•DrJohnStockton
fortheirhelpwiththisdocument.
1
Changesinversion2.8
Chapter3addedandthefollowingchaptersrenumbered.
Section2.2.4:InformationaboutScotlandupdated.
Section2.8:CalendarmythattributedtoJohannesdeSacrobosco.
Section2.10:AddedparagraphaboutGregorianreformmyth.
Section2.13.2:StartofPassovercorrected.
Section2.13.5:Explanationof1daydiscrepancymodified.
Section2.17:Emphasizedthat2-digitISOdatesarenotallowed.
Section4.4:Lessrelevantinformationremoved.
Section5.5:Saudirulesupdated.
Section7.8:Newalgorithm.
Section11.5:Bookadded.
Afewminorcorrectionshavebeenmade.
Writingdatesandyears
DateswillbewrittenintheBritishformat(1January)ratherthantheAmericanformat
(January1).Dateswilloccasionallybeabbreviated:“1Jan”ratherthan“1January”.
Yearsbeforeandafterthe“ocial”birthyearofChristwillbewritten“45BC”
or“AD1997”,respectively.Ipreferthisnotationoverthesecular“45BCE”and
“1997CE”(Seealsosection2.14.4.)
The‘mod’operator
Throughoutthisdocumenttheoperator‘mod’willbeusedtosignifythemoduloor
remainderoperator.Forexample,17mod7=3becausetheresultofthedivision17/7
is2witharemainderof3.
Thetextinsquarebrackets
Squarebrackets[likethis]identifyinformationthatIamunsureaboutandaboutwhich
Iwouldlikemoreinformation.Pleasewritemeatclaus@tondering.dk(andplease
includetheword“calendar”inthesubjectline).
2
Contents
1WhatAstronomicalEventsFormtheBasisofCalendars? 6
1.1Whatareequinoxesandsolstices?............................ 7
2TheChristianCalendar 8
2.1WhatistheJuliancalendar?............................... 8
2.1.1Whatyearsareleapyears?............................ 8
2.1.2WhatconsequencesdidtheuseoftheJuliancalendarhave?.......... 9
2.2WhatistheGregoriancalendar?............................. 9
2.2.1Whatyearsareleapyears?............................ 9
2.2.2Isn’ttherea4000-yearrule?............................10
2.2.3Don’ttheGreeksdoitdierently?........................10
2.2.4WhendidcountryXchangefromtheJuliantotheGregoriancalendar?...10
2.3Whatdayistheleapday?.................................13
2.4WhatistheSolarCycle?.................................14
2.5WhatistheDominicalLetter?..............................14
2.6Whatdayoftheweekwas2August1953?........................15
2.7WhencanIreusemy1992calendar?...........................15
2.8WhatistheRomancalendar?...............................16
2.8.1HowdidtheRomansnumberdays?.......................17
2.9Whatistheprolepticcalendar?..............................18
2.10Hastheyearalwaysstartedon1January?........................18
2.11Thenwhataboutleapyears?...............................19
2.12Whatistheoriginofthenamesofthemonths?.....................20
2.13WhatisEaster?.......................................20
2.13.1WhenisEaster?(Shortanswer).........................20
2.13.2WhenisEaster?(Longanswer)..........................21
2.13.3WhatistheGoldenNumber?...........................21
2.13.4HowdoesonecalculateEasterthen?.......................21
2.13.5WhatistheEpact?................................22
2.13.6HowdoesonecalculateGregorianEasterthen?.................24
2.13.7Isn’tthereasimplerwaytocalculateEaster?..................24
2.13.8Isn’tthereanevensimplerwaytocalculateEaster?..............25
2.13.9IsthereasimplerelationshipbetweentwoconsecutiveEasters?........26
2.13.10HowfrequentlyarethedatesforEasterrepeated?...............26
2.13.11WhataboutGreekOrthodoxEaster?......................26
3
2.13.12DidtheEasterdateschangein2001?......................27
2.14Howdoesonecountyears?................................27
2.14.1HowdidDionysiusdateChrist’sbirth?.....................28
2.14.2WasJesusbornintheyear0?...........................28
2.14.3Whendidthe3rdmillenniumstart?.......................29
2.14.4WhatdoAD,BC,CE,andBCEstandfor?...................29
2.15WhatistheIndiction?...................................29
2.16WhatistheJulianPeriod?................................30
2.16.1IsthereaformulaforcalculatingtheJuliandaynumber?...........30
2.16.2WhatisthemodifiedJuliandaynumber?....................31
2.16.3WhatistheLiliandaynumber?.........................31
2.17Whatisthecorrectwaytowritedates?.........................32
3ISO8601 33
3.1WhatdateformatdoestheStandardmandate?.....................33
3.2WhattimeformatdoestheStandardmandate?.....................34
3.3WhatifIwanttospecifybothadateandatime?...................34
3.4WhatformatdoestheStandardmandateforatimeinterval?.............34
3.5CanIwriteBCdatesanddatesaftertheyear9999usingISO8601?.........35
3.6CanIwritedatesintheJuliancalendarusingISO8601?...............35
3.7DoestheStandarddefinetheGregoriancalendar?...................35
3.8WhatdoestheStandardsayabouttheweek?......................35
3.9WhyareISO8601datesnotusedinthisCalendarFAQ?...............35
3.10WherecanIgettheStandard?..............................36
4TheHebrewCalendar 37
4.1WhatdoesaHebrewyearlooklike?...........................37
4.2Whatyearsareleapyears?................................38
4.3Whatyearsaredeficient,regular,andcomplete?....................38
4.4WhenisNewYear’sday?.................................38
4.5WhendoesaHebrewdaybegin?.............................39
4.6WhendoesaHebrewyearbegin?.............................39
4.7Whenisthenewmoon?..................................39
4.8Howdoesonecountyears?................................40
5TheIslamicCalendar 41
5.1WhatdoesanIslamicyearlooklike?...........................41
5.2Soyoucan’tprintanIslamiccalendarinadvance?...................42
5.3Howdoesonecountyears?................................42
5.4WhenwilltheIslamiccalendarovertaketheGregoriancalendar?...........42
5.5Doesn’tSaudiArabiahavespecialrules?.........................42
6ThePersianCalendar 44
6.1WhatdoesaPersianyearlooklike?...........................44
6.2WhendoesthePersianyearbegin?............................44
6.3Howdoesonecountyears?................................45
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