FM 3-06 Urban Operations.pdf

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Cover
FM 3-06 (FM 90-10)
URBAN
OPERATIONS
JUNE 2003
HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
225906074.001.png
*FM 3-06 (FM 90-10)
Field Manual
HEADQUARTERS
No. 3-06
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
Washington, DC, 1 June 2003
Urban Operations
Contents
Page
FIGURES .................................................................................................................... iv
HISTORICAL VIGNETTES ....................................................................................... vii
PREFACE .................................................................................................................viii
Chapter 1
URBAN OUTLOOK .................................................................................................1-1
The Prospect of Urban Operations ..........................................................................1-2
Urban Perspective ....................................................................................................1-2
Historical Significance of Urban Areas in Warfare ...................................................1-3
Modern Army Urban Operations ............................................................................. 1-8
Chapter 2
URBAN ENVIRONMENT .........................................................................................2-1
A Complex Environment...........................................................................................2-2
Urban Terrain ...........................................................................................................2-3
Urban Society .........................................................................................................2-14
Urban Infrastructure ...............................................................................................2-19
Chapter 3
URBAN THREAT .....................................................................................................3-1
Asymmetry................................................................................................................3-2
Weapons of Mass Destruction .................................................................................3-2
Threat Operational Principles...................................................................................3-3
Urban Threat Tactics ................................................................................................3-6
Negative Effects of Urbanization ............................................................................3-11
Chapter 4
CONTEMPLATING URBAN OPERATIONS ...........................................................4-1
Necessity of Urban Operations ................................................................................4-2
Characteristics of Major Urban Operations ..............................................................4-7
Integration into Land Operations ............................................................................4-10
Distribution Restriction : Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
*This publication supersedes FM 90-10, 15 August 1979.
i
FM 3-06 __________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 5
FOUNDATIONS FOR URBAN OPERATIONS ....................................................... 5-1
Urban Operational Framework ................................................................................ 5-1
Fundamentals of Urban Operations....................................................................... 5-12
General Effects on Operations .............................................................................. 5-16
Chapter 6
URBAN OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS ...................................................................... 6-1
Purpose of Urban Offensive Operations.................................................................. 6-1
Characteristics of Urban Offensive Operations ....................................................... 6-2
Urban Offensive Operations and Battlefield Organization....................................... 6-6
Forms and Types of Urban Offense ........................................................................ 6-9
Urban Offensive Considerations ............................................................................ 6-15
Chapter 7
URBAN DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS ...................................................................... 7-1
Purpose of Urban Defensive Operations ................................................................. 7-1
Characteristics of Urban Defensive Operations ...................................................... 7-2
Urban Defensive Operations and Battlefield Organization ...................................... 7-5
Types of Urban Defense .......................................................................................... 7-5
Urban Defensive Considerations ........................................................................... 7-10
Chapter 8
URBAN STABILITY OPERATIONS AND SUPPORT OPERATIONS ................... 8-1
Purpose of Urban Stability Operations and Support Operations ............................. 8-2
Characteristics of Urban Stability Operations and Support Operations .................. 8-2
Urban Stability Operations, Support Operations, and Battlefield Organization ....... 8-3
Types and Forms of Stability Operations and Support Operations ......................... 8-4
Considerations of Urban Stability Operations and Support Operations .................. 8-6
Chapter 9
URBAN COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT ................................................................ 9-1
Urban CSS Characteristics ...................................................................................... 9-2
Logistics Preparation of the Theater........................................................................ 9-4
CSS Functions ......................................................................................................... 9-7
General Engineer Support ..................................................................................... 9-26
Civil-Military Operations ......................................................................................... 9-28
Appendix A SIEGE OF BEIRUT: AN ILLUSTRATION OF THE FUNDAMENTALS OF
URBAN OPERATIONS ...........................................................................................A-1
Overall Strategic Situation .......................................................................................A-1
Israeli Military Position .............................................................................................A-2
PLO Military Position................................................................................................A-2
Role of Civilians .......................................................................................................A-3
Information Operations ............................................................................................A-3
ii
Contents
Conduct of the Urban Operations............................................................................ A-4
Lessons ................................................................................................................... A-6
Summary ............................................................................................................... A-10
Appendix B URBAN INTELLIGENCE PREPARATION OF THE BATTLEFIELD ..................... B-1
Urbanization of IPB.................................................................................................. B-1
Significant Characteristics ....................................................................................... B-4
Threat Considerations ........................................................................................... B-11
Urban IPB Tools and Products.............................................................................. B-16
Appendix C OPERATIONS IN SOMALIA: APPLYING THE URBAN OPERATIONAL
FRAMEWORK TO SUPPORT AND STABILITY ................................................... C-1
General Situation..................................................................................................... C-1
Somali Operations ................................................................................................... C-2
Assess ..................................................................................................................... C-5
Shape ...................................................................................................................... C-7
Dominate ................................................................................................................. C-7
Transition ................................................................................................................. C-8
Summary ................................................................................................................. C-9
Appendix D JOINT AND MULTINATIONAL URBAN OPERATIONS ....................................... D-0
Purpose ................................................................................................................... D-0
Service Urban Capabilities ...................................................................................... D-1
Urban Functional Combatant Command Capabilities ............................................. D-5
Multinational Considerations ................................................................................. D-10
SOURCE NOTES .................................................................................Source Notes-0
GLOSSARY ................................................................................................ Glossary-0
BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................Bibliography-1
INDEX ................................................................................................................Index-0
iii
Figures
Figure
Page
1-1. FullSpectrumUrban Operations .................................................................. 1-3
1-2. UO and the Army Imperatives..................................................................... 1-10
2-1. Keys to Understanding the Urban Environment ........................................... 2-2
2-2. TheMultidimensional Urban Battlefield ........................................................ 2-4
2-3. BroadUrbanPatterns ................................................................................... 2-7
2-4. BasicInternalStreet Patterns ....................................................................... 2-9
2-5. AnUrban Model .......................................................................................... 2-10
2-6. Toxic Industrial Chemicals and Their Industrial or Commercial Uses ........ 2-12
2-7. Key Aspects of the Urban Society............................................................... 2-14
2-8. Urban Areas by Population Size ................................................................. 2-16
2-9. SimplifiedAnalysis of Urban Society .......................................................... 2-16
2-10. UO–Society Cycle of Effects ....................................................................... 2-19
2-11. Urban Infrastructure .................................................................................... 2-20
3-1. ThreatOperational Principles........................................................................ 3-3
3-2. UrbanThreat Tactics..................................................................................... 3-7
3-3. FavoredThreat Weapons ........................................................................... 3-11
3-4. NegativeEffectsof Urbanization................................................................. 3-12
3-5. WorldwidePopulation Projections .............................................................. 3-13
4-1. Risk Management and the Risks Associated with Urban Operations .......... 4-2
4-2. Organization of Historic Joint Urban Operations .......................................... 4-8
4-3. Urban ISR Considerations .......................................................................... 4-16
4-4. IO Elements and Related Activities............................................................. 4-19
4-5. PublicAffairs Principles............................................................................... 4-23
5-1. The Urban Operational Framework and Battle Command ........................... 5-1
5-2. UrbanIsolation .............................................................................................. 5-3
5-3. Panama ......................................................................................................... 5-8
5-4. The Fundamentals of Urban Operations..................................................... 5-11
5-5. Urban Maneuver Challenges and Means to Overcome Them ................... 5-17
5-6. Urban Effects on Fire Support Systems...................................................... 5-20
5-7. Methods to Overcome Urban Communications Challenges....................... 5-29
5-8. CompressedTactical Factors ..................................................................... 5-31
6-1. InitialAttackin Brittany .................................................................................. 6-3
6-2. Subsequent Disposition of Forces in Brittany ............................................... 6-4
iv

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