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Bo nauka nie musi byę nudna!
GERUNDS and INFINITIVES
Gerunds
are nouns formed from verbs. They end with Îing. We use them:
-
after prepositional structures eg. She dreams of going abroad
-
as the subject of a sentence eg. Smoking is harmful
-
after verbs of likes and dislikes eg.
can't stand, dislike, enjoy
-
after certain verbs:
admit
(przyznaę),
advise
(radzię),
avoid
(unikaę),
consider
(braę
pod uwagħ),
delay
(opŅniaę),
deny
(zaprzeczaę),
fancy
(mieę ochotħ),
imagine
(wyobraŇaę
sobie),
involve
(pociĢgaę za sobĢ),
mention
(wspominaę),
mind
(mieę coĻ przeciwko),
miss
(tħsknię),
permit
(pozwalaę),
postpone
(odkþadaę w czasie),
practise
(ęwiczyę),
reject
(odrzucaę),
resist
(opieraę siħ),
risk
(ryzykowaę),
suggest
(sugerowaę),
understand
(rozumieę),
waste time / money
(marnowaę),
Infinitives
are verbs with or without to. We use infinitives without to:
-
after modal verbs eg. I can swim
-
after expressions: had better, would rather, would sooner, why not
-
after let and make eg. They let her go to the party
Some verbs can be followed by either gerund or infinitive without a change of meaning.
These verbs imclude:
attempt, begin, bother, continue, intend, love, start
Some verbs are followed by gerunds and infinitives with a change of meaning eg:
Forget /
+ gerund Î past activity eg. I remember
locking
the door
remember
+ infinitive Î future activity eg. Remember
to call
me
go on
+ gerund Î continue eg. She went on
working
despite the strike
+ infinitive Î change activity eg. I went on
to work
after the break
regret
+ gerund Î past activity eg. I regret
telling
you (= that I told you)
+ infinitive Î future eg. I regret
to inform
you that John died
stop
+ gerund Î quit eg. He stopped
smoking
(= he quit smoking)
+ infinitive Î do sth. else eg. She stopped
to smoke
(= in order to)
try
+ gerund Î experiment eg. If you canÓt sleep try
drinking
milk
+ infinitive Î make an effort eg. Try
to do
this exercise
Note: the most common mistake is made with the verbs suggest and advise:
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Bo nauka nie musi byę nudna!
ÒLetÓs go to the cinemaÓ = she suggested
going
to the cinema
she suggested that we went
she suggested (that) we (should) go
ÒYou should go the doctorÓ = she advised me
to go
to the doctor
I. Put the words in brackets in correct form Î gerund or infinitive (wstaw podane sþowa
w odpowiedniej formie Î bezokolicznika lub czasownika z koıcwkĢ Îing)
1.
I had to ask the boys (
stop
) ÈÈÈÈ.. (
ride
) ÈÈÈÈ.. their mini-scooters in the
corridor.
2.
Don't start (
try
) ÈÈÈÈ.. (
learn
) ÈÈÈÈ.. algebra before you have finished
(
learn
)ÈÈÈÈ..(
do
) ÈÈÈÈ.. simple things in arithmetic.
3.
Our teacher has promised (
help
) ÈÈÈÈ.. us (
prepare
) ÈÈÈÈ.. for next week's
test.
4.
I hate (
get up
) ÈÈÈÈ.. early in winter and (
get ready
) ÈÈÈÈ.. in the dark.
5.
I would like (
go
) ÈÈÈÈ.. to Egypt this year
6.
After three hours in the car we stopped (
have
)ÈÈÈÈ.. a cup of tea
7.
After the break she still went on (
talk
) ÈÈÈÈ.. about her new dress as if it had
been the only subject in the world!
8.
We regret (
inform
) ÈÈÈÈ.. you that the President died last night
9.
If I take this job it will mean (
get up
) ÈÈÈÈ.. very early every day
10.
I clearly remember (
put
)ÈÈÈÈ.. the book on the table, if itÓs not there it means that
somebody took it!
11.
I forgot ................................ (
lock
) the door so it was very easy to get into my house
12.
Do you remember ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ (
watch
) this film?
13.
If you canÓt sleep at night try ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ (
drink
) warm milk before going to
bed
14.
I regret ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ. (
inform
) you that the doctor will not see you today. IÓm
very sorry
15.
He tried ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ. (
open
) the door but something blocked it from the outside
II. Complete the gaps. (uzupeþnij luki)
A recent study suggests 1ÈÈÈÈ. people who suffer from phobias could find help in the
stress hormone cortisol. Researchers at the University of Zurich found that the hormone,
2ÈÈÈÈ.impairs memory, helped ease the patients' fear when faced with their phobia
trigger.
The research tests were carried 3ÈÈÈÈ. on 40 people who suffered 4ÈÈÈÈ. social
phobia and spider phobia. The volunteers were then asked to face their specific phobia by
either giving a speech 5ÈÈÈÈ. public or coming 6ÈÈÈÈ. contact with a spider. In both
cases, those 7ÈÈÈÈ. received the hormone reported less fear and anxiety, when faced with
their phobia trigger.
The arachnaphobes who received the cortisol confirmed a steady reduction of fear throughout
the sessions held over the two-week 8ÈÈÈÈ. study. This result was maintained throughout
2
Bo nauka nie musi byę nudna!
the final session 9ÈÈÈÈ. the patients received no drug treatment.
The subjects who did not receive the hormone dosage and reported a decrease in anxiety,
released the most cortisol, something 10ÈÈÈÈ. the researchers believe supports their
theory.
Led by Dr Dominique de Quervain, the research team suggest that together 11ÈÈÈÈ.
behavioural therapy, the cortisol treatment could be successful in reducing or even eradicating
phobias and post-traumatic stress disorders which are triggered 12ÈÈÈÈ. a specific
stimulus.
However, Dr Cosmo Hallstram, of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, felt the treatment did
not tackle the core of the problem. "It seems unlikely that you could remove a long-term
phobia by simply altering the chemical levels of something that's already present in the body."
He added "Phobias have two components. One is the fear of whatever it is you have a phobia
about. But the 13ÈÈÈÈ. is that you spend your life avoiding that thing. This treatment
wouldn't help with that." Focus 29/03/2006
III. Match the words from the text with their Polish translations. (PoþĢcz wyrazy z
tekstu z ich polskimi tþumaczeniami)
1.
impair
2.
trigger
3.
ease
4.
volunteer
5.
anxiety
6.
confirm
7.
maintain
8.
dosage
9.
decrease
10.
release
11.
eradicate
12.
disorder
13.
tackle
14.
core
15.
alter
a.
ochotnik
b.
potwierdzię
c.
wyeliminowaę
d.
obniŇyę
e.
zmienię
f.
dawka
g.
uwolnię
h.
schorzenie
i.
pogorszyę
j.
poruszyę
k.
niepokj
l.
sedno
m.
spowodowaę, przyczyna
n.
pozostaę
IV
. Find in the text words which match the following definitions. (ZnajdŅ w tekĻcie
sþowa, ktre odpowiadajĢ poniŇszym definicjom)
1. to damage something or make it not as good as it should be
2.
the thing that quickly causes a serious problem
3. someone who does a job willingly without being paid
4. the feeling of being very worried about something
5. to show that something is definitely true, especially by providing more proof
6. decrease in the size, price, or amount of something
7. to make something continue in the same way or at the same standard as before
8. to completely get rid of something such as a disease or a social problem
9. to try to deal with a difficult problem
3
Bo nauka nie musi byę nudna!
10. the most important or central part of something
11. to change, or to make someone or something change
V.
Match the equipment with the correct sports (poþĢcz sprzħt ze sportem, w ktrym siħ
go uŇywa)
1.
puck
2.
shuttlecock
3.
bat
4.
goggles
5.
net
6.
flippers
7.
rod
8.
bow
9.
shin guards
10.
mask
a.
baseball
b.
tennis
c.
football
d.
ice hokey
e.
snorkeling
f.
fishing
g.
skiing
h.
SCUBA diving
i.
archery
j.
badminton
VI.
Match the sports with places where they are practiced (poþĢcz sporty z miejscami
gdzie siħ je uprawia)
Baseball tennis golf American football ice hokey badminton motor racing
horse racing wrestling soccer figure skating box
Court Track Course Pitch
Field
Rink
Ring
VII.
Match the columns to form typical sports injuries (poþĢcz kolumny aby utworzyę
typowe urazy sportowe)
Tennis
Leg
Sprained
Arm
Strained
Muscle
Broken
Ankle
Dislocated
Elbow
4
Bo nauka nie musi byę nudna!
KEY
I
1.
to stop riding
2.
trying to learn,
learning to do
3.
to help (to) prepare
4.
getting up, getting
ready
5.
to go
6.
to have
7.
8.
to inform
9.
getting up
10.
putting
11.
to lock
12.
watching
13.
drinking
14.
to inform
15.
to open
II
1.
that
2.
which
3.
out
4.
from
5.
in
6.
into
7.
8.
long
9.
when
10.
that
11.
with
12.
by
13.
other
III
1.
i
2.
m
3.
o
4.
a
5.
k
6.
b
7.
n
8.
f
9.
d
10.
g
11.
c
12.
h
13.
j
14.
l
15.
IV
1.
impair
2.
trigger
3.
ease
4.
volunteer
5.
anxiety
6.
confirm
7.
maintain
8.
dosage
9.
decrease
10.
release
11.
eradicate
12.
disorder
5
talking
who
e
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