Contemporary Issues [Bilal Philips].pdf

(482 KB) Pobierz
Contemporary Issues
&217(0325$5<
,668(6
3UHSDUHG E\ 'U $EX $PHHQDK %LODO 3KLOLSV
704915730.003.png
7$%/( 2) &217(176
0$55,$*( $1' ',925&(
3RO\JDP\
$UUDQJHG 0DUULDJHV
7KH *XDUGLDQ
&KLOG 0DUULDJHV
0DUULDJH WR 1RQ 0XVOLPV
5DSH LQ 0DUULDJH
9LROHQFH LQ 0DUULDJH
'LYRUFH (DV\
'LYRUFH $ 0DQ V 5LJKW
$OLPRQ\
:20(1 6 5,*+76 %,57+ &21752/
, $ERUWLRQ
,, &RQWUDFHSWLRQ
3RSXODWLRQ &RQWURO
+LMDDE
,QKHULWDQFH
7ZR :LWQHVVHV
6HSDUDWH (GXFDWLRQ
&5,0,1$/ -867,&(
0XUGHU
7KHIW
$GXOWHU\ DQG )RUQLFDWLRQ
+RPRVH[XDOLW\
$SRVWDV\
',(7$5< /$:6
$OFRKRO
3RUN
7REDFFR
$QLPDO 6ODXJKWHU
'RJV
7+( $576
0XVLF
$UW DQG 3KRWRJUDSK\
,6/$$0 $1' 02'(51 6&,(1&(
7KHRU\ RI (YROXWLRQ
7KH %LJ %DQJ
&ORQLQJ
7HVW 7XEH %DELHV
6H[ FKDQJH 2SHUDWLRQV
2UJDQ 'RQDWLRQ
&RVPHWLF 6XUJHU\
(XWKDQDVLD
$OLHQV
(&2120,&6
,QWHUHVW
,VODDPLF %DQNLQJ
,6/$$0 $1' 7(5525,60
,VODDP 6SUHDG E\ WKH 6ZRUG
6XLFLGH %RPELQJV
7HUURULVP
-LKDDG
6(&76
6KL LVP
.KDDULMLWHV ,EDDGLWHV
,VPDLOLVP
'UX]H
1XVDLULVP
%DKDLVP
4DGLDQLVP
1DWLRQ RI ,VODP
704915730.004.png
0$55,$*( $1' ',925&(
3 2/<*$0<
0XVOLPV DUH RIWHQ DFFXVHG RI EHLQJ SURPLVFXRXV EHFDXVH SRO\JDP\ LV OHJDO LQ
,VODDP
,VODDP GLG QRW LQWURGXFH SRO\JDP\ 8QUHVWULFWHG SRO\JDP\ SUDFWLFHG LQ PRVW
KXPDQ VRFLHWLHV WKURXJKRXW WKH ZRUOG LQ HYHU\ DJH ,VODDP UHJXODWHG SRO\JDP\ E\
OLPLWLQJ WKH QXPEHU RI ZLYHV DQG HVWDEOLVKLQJ UHVSRQVLELOLW\ LQ LWV SUDFWLFH
0RQRJDP\ RI WKH :HVW LQKHULWHG IURP *UHHFH DQG 5RPH ZKHUH PHQ ZHUH
UHVWULFWHG E\ ODZ WR RQH ZLIH EXW ZHUH IUHH WR KDYH DV PDQ\ PLVWUHVVHV DPRQJ WKH
PDMRULW\ VODYH SRSXODWLRQ DV WKH\ ZLVKHG ,Q WKH :HVW WRGD\ PRVW PDUULHG PHQ
KDYH H[WUDPDULWDO UHODWLRQV ZLWK PLVWUHVVHV JLUOIULHQGV DQG SURVWLWXWHV
&RQVHTXHQWO\ WKH :HVWHUQ FODLP WR PRQRJDP\ LV IDOVH
0RQRJDP\ LOORJLFDO ,I D PDQ ZLVKHV WR KDYH D VHFRQG ZLIH ZKRPKH WDNHV FDUH RI
DQG ZKRVH FKLOGUHQ FDUU\ KLV QDPH DQG KH SURYLGHV IRU KH LV FRQVLGHUHG D
FULPLQDO ELJDPLVW ZKR PD\ EH VHQWHQFHG WR \HDUV LQ MDLO +RZHYHU LI KH KDV
QXPHURXV PLVWUHVVHV DQG LOOHJLWLPDWH FKLOGUHQ KLV UHODWLRQ LV FRQVLGHUHG OHJDO
0HQ FUHDWHG SRO\JDPRXV EHFDXVH RI D QHHG LQ KXPDQ VRFLHW\ 7KHUH LV QRUPDOO\ D
VXUSOXV RI ZRPHQ LQ PRVW KXPDQ VRFLHWLH V 7KH VXUSOXV LV D UHVXOW RI PHQ G\LQJ
LQ ZDUV YLROHQW FULPHV DQG ZRPHQ RXWOLYLQJ PHQ 7KH XSVXUJH LQ KRPRVH[XDOLW\
IXUWKHU LQFUHDVHV WKH SUREOHP ,I V\VWHPV GR QRW FDWHU WR WKH QHHG RI VXUSOXV
ZRPHQ LW ZLOO UHVXOW LQ FRUUXSWLRQ LQ VRFLHW\ ([DPSOH *HUPDQ\ DIWHU :RUOG :DU
,, ZKHQ VXJJHVWLRQV WR OHJDOL]H SRO\JDP\ ZHUH UHMHFWHG E\ WKH &KXUFK 5HVXOWLQJ
LQ WKH OHJDOL]DWLRQ RI SURVWLWXWLRQ *HUPDQ SURVWLWXWHV DUH FRQVLGHUHG DV ZRUNHUV
OLNH DQ\ RWKHU SURIHVVLRQ 7KH\ UHFHLYH KHDOWK EHQHILWV DQG SD\ WD[HV OLNH DQ\
RWKHU FLWL]HQ )XUWKHUPRUH WKH UDWH RI PDUULDJH KDV EHHQ VWHDGLO\ GHFOLQLQJ DV HDFK
VXFFHHGLQJ JHQHUDWLRQ ILQGV WKH LQVWLWXWLRQ RI PDUULDJH PRUH DQG PRUH LUUHOHYDQW
:HVWHUQ DQWKURSRORJLVWV DUJXH WKDW SRO\JDP\ LV D JHQHWLF WUDLW E\ ZKLFK WKH
VWURQJHVW JHQHV RI WKH JHQHUDWLRQ DUH SDVVHG RQ ([DPSOH WKH OLRQ NLQJ WKH
VWURQJHVW RI WKH SDFN PRQRSROL]HV WKH IHPDOHV WKHUHE\ LQVXULQJ WKDW WKHQH[W
JHQHUDWLRQ RI OLRQ FXEV ZLOO EH KLV RIIVSULQJ
,QVWLWXWLRQDO SRO\JDP\ SUHYHQWV WKH VSUHDG RI GLVHDVHV OLNH +HUSHV DQG $,'6
6XFK YHQHUHDO GLVHDVHV VSUHDG LQ SURPLVFXRXV VRFLHWLHV ZKHUH H[WUD PDULWDO DIIDLUV
DERXQG
3RO\JDP\ SURWHFWV WKH LQWHUHVWV RI ZRPHQ DQG FKLOGUHQ LQ VRFLHW\ 0HQ LQ
:HVWHUQ VRFLHW\ PDNH WKH ODZV 7KH\ SUHIHU WR NHHS SRO\JDP\ LOOHJDO EHFDXVH LW
DEVROYHV WKHP RI UHVSRQVLELOLW\ /HJDOL]HG SRO\JDP\ ZRXOG UHTXLUH WKHP WR VSHQG
5XVVLD PDOH WR IHPDOH 8. PDOH WR IHPDOH 86$ PDOH WR
IHPDOH %UD]LO PDOH WR IHPDOH 7KH 1HZ (QF\FORSDHGLD %ULWDQQLFD YRO SS
([FHSWLRQV LQ &KLQD DQG ,QGLD GXH WRZLGH VSUHDG LQIDQWLFLGH RQ D QDWLRQDO VFDOH
$FFRUGLQJ WR WKH &HQWHU IRU +HDOWK 6WDWLVWLFV $PHULFDQ ZRPHQ WRGD\ FDQ H[SHFW WR OLYH WR EH
\HDUV ROG ZKLOH PHQ FDQ RQO\ H[SHFW WR OLYH WR
704915730.005.png
 
RQ WKHLU DGGLWLRQDO ZLYHV DQG WKHLU RIIVSULQJ 0RQRJDP\DOORZV WKHP WR HQMR\
H[WUD PDULWDO DIIDLUV ZLWKRXW HFRQRPLF FRQVHTXHQFH
2QO\ D PLQRULW\ ZLOO SUDFWLFH SRO\JDP\ LQ 0XVOLP VRFLHW\ ,Q VSLWH RI SRO\JDP\
EHLQJ OHJDO LQ 0XVOLP FRXQWULHV RQO\ RI 0XVOLPV LQ WKHVH FRXQWULHV
SUDFWLFH SRO\JDP\ $OWKRXJK WKH PDMRULW\ RI PHQ ZRXOG OLNH WR KDYH PRUH WKDQ
RQH ZLIH WKH\ FDQQRW DIIRUG WKH H[SHQVH RI PDLQWDLQLQJ PRUH WKDQ RQH IDPLO\
(YHQ WKRVH ZKR DUH ILQDQFLDOO\ FDSDEOH RI ORRNLQJ DIWHU DGGLWLRQDO IDPLOLHV DUH
RIWHQ UHOXFWDQW GXH WR WKH SV\FKRORJLFDO EXUGHQV RI KDQGOLQJ PRUH WKDQ RQH ZLIH
7KH IDPLO\ SUREOHPV DQG PDULWDO GLVSXWHV DUH PXOWLSOLHG LQ SOXUDO PDUULDJHV
&RQGLWLRQV KDYH EHHQ DGGHG IRU SRO\JDP\ LQ PDQ\ 0XVOLP FRXQWULHV )RU
H[DPSOH LQ (J\SW WKH SHUPLVVLRQ RI WKH ILUVW ZLIH PXVW ILUVW EH REWDLQHG 7KLV DQG
VLPLODU FRQGLWLRQV DUH D UHVXOW RI FRORQLDO GRPLQDWLRQ 1R ZRPDQ LQ KHU ULJKW PLQG
ZLOO JLYH KHU KXVEDQG SHUPLVVLRQ WR WDNH D VHFRQG ZLIH 6XFK D FRQGLWLRQ LQ IDFW
QHJDWHV WKH SHUPLVVLRQ JLYHQ E\ *RG LQ WKH 4XU DDQ
2WKHUV KDYH DFFHSWHG SRO\JDP\ RQ FRQGLWLRQ WKDW LW QRW EH IRU ³ OXVW¥ 7KDW LV LI
WKH ZLIH LV LOO RU XQDEOH WR EHDU FKLOGUHQ RU XQDEOH WR IXOILOO WKH KXVEDQG V VH[XDO
QHHGV HWF WDNLQJ D VHFRQG ZLIH LV DFFHSWDEOH 2WKHUZLVH LW EHFRPHV ³ OXVW¥ RQ WKH
KXVEDQG V SDUW DQG LV FRQVHTXHQWO\ QRW DFFHSWDEOH 7KH UHDOLW\ LV WKDW ³ OXVW¥ ZDV
LQYROYHG LQ WKH PDUULDJH RI WKH ILUVW ZLIH :K\ LV LW DFFHSWDEOH LQ WKH FDVH RI WKH
ILUVW DQG QRW WKH VHFRQG" $V KDV DOUHDG\ EHHQ SRLQWHG RXW PHQ DUH SRO\JDPRXV E\
QDWXUH 7R WU\ WR FXUE LW E\ VXFK FRQGLWLRQV ZLOO RQO\ OHDG WR FRUUXSWLRQ LQ VRFLHW\
)HPLQLVWV PD\ REMHFW WR WKLV PDOH ULJKW E\ LQVLVWLQJ WKDW ZRPHQ VKRXOG DOVR EH
DEOH WR SUDFWLFH SRO\JDP\ +RZHYHU D ZRPDQ PDUU\LQJ IRXU KXVEDQGV ZRXOG
RQO\ LQFUHDVH WKH SUREOHP RI VXUSOXV ZRPHQ )XUWKHUPRUH QR FKLOG ZRXOG DFFHSW
KLV RU KHU PRWKHU LGHQWLI\LQJ WKH IDWKHU E\ WKH ³ HHQ\ PHHQ\ PLQH\ PR¥ PHWKRG
7KH TXHVWLRQ ZKLFK UHPDLQV LV ³ ,I *RG LV JRRG DQG ZLVKHV JRRG IRU +LV
FUHDWXUHV ZK\ GLG KH OHJLVODWH VRPHWKLQJ ZKLFK ZRXOG EH KDUPIXO WR PRVW
ZRPHQ"¥ 'LYLQH OHJLVODWLRQ ORRNV DW WKH VRFLHW\ DV D ZKROH VHHNLQJ WR PD[LPL]H
EHQHILW ,I D FHUWDLQ OHJLVODWLRQ EHQHILWV WKH PDMRULW\ RI WKH VRFLHW\ DQG FDXVHV VRPH
HPRWLRQDO KDUP WR D PLQRULW\ WKH JHQHUDO ZHOIDUH RI VRFLHW\ LV JLYHQ SUHFHGHQFH
$ 55$1*(' 0 $55,$*(6
0XVOLPV DUH RIWHQ DFFXVHG RI IRUFLQJ WKHLU GDXJKWHUV LQWR PDUULDJH
,VODPLF ODZ UHTXLUHV WKDW IHPDOHV PXVW JLYH WKHLU SHUPLVVLRQ EHIRUH WKH\ DUH
PDUULHG 3URSKHW 0XKDPPDG U VDLG ³ 7KH SHUPLVVLRQ RI YLUJLQV VKRXOG EH
WDNHQ DQG WKHLU VLOHQFH LV WKHLU FRQVHQW ¥ 2Q RQH RFFDVLRQ D ZRPDQ FDPH WR WKH
3URSKHW U DQG LQIRUPHG KLP WKDW KHU IDWKHU KDG PDUULHG KHU RII ZLWKRXW KHU
SHUPLVVLRQ +H RIIHUHG WR DQQXO KHU PDUULDJH KRZHYHU VKH GLG QRW DFFHSW KLV
RIIHU VD\LQJ WKDW VKH RQO\ ZDQWHG WR FRQILUP KHU ULJKW $ SUHYLRXVO\ PDUULHG
ZRPDQ KDV WKH ULJKW WR FKRRVH IRU KHUVHOI
704915730.001.png
 
0XVOLPV DUH HQFRXUDJHG WR KHOS WKHLU FKLOGUHQ ILQG VXLWDEOH PDULWDO SDUWQHUV VLQFH
PDOHV DQG IHPDOHV DUH UDLVHG VHSDUDWHO\ LQ VRFLHW\ :RPHQ DUH VSDUHG KDYLQJ WR
ORRN IRU WKHLU RZQ PDWHV
)URP D :HVWHUQ SHUVSHFWLYH ZKHUH WHHQDJHUV DUH RIWHQ UHTXLUHG WR OHDYH KRPH
DQG JR RXW WR ZRUN DQG ORRN DIWHU WKHPVHOYHV LW ZRXOG VHHP OXGLFURXV IRU SDUHQWV
WR ODWHU RQ VXJJHVW ZKRP WKH\ VKRXOG PDUU\
,W KDV EHFRPH D SUDFWLFH DPRQJ VRPH 0XVOLPV WR IRUFH WKHLU FKLOGUHQ WR PDUU\
WKHLU FRXVLQV )RU 0XVOLPV LQ WKH :HVW LW EHFRPHV D PHDQV WR KHOS WKHLU IDPLO\
PHPEHUV DOVR UHDFK WKH :HVW &RQVHTXHQWO\ WKHUH KDYH EHHQ D QXPEHU RI FDVHV
UHSRUWHG LQ WKH QHZVSDSHUV LQ (QJODQG RI WKH +RPH 2IILFH UHVFXLQJ 0XVOLPJLUOV
IURP IRUFHG PDUULDJHV DW WKH DLUSRUW 7KHUH DUH DOVR PDQ\ 0XVOLP JLUOV ZKR KDYH
UXQ DZD\ IURP KRPH UDWKHU WKDQ EH IRUFHG WR PDUU\ UHODWLYHV LQ YLOODJHV LQ
3DNLVWDQ RU ,QGLD 6XFK JLUOV DUH EHLQJ JLYHQ QHZ LGHQWLWLHV E\ SROLFH DXWKRULWLHV
DQG ZLOO OLNHO\ ORVH WKHLU ,VODDP LQ WKH SURFHVV
7 +( * 8$5',$1
7KH 0XVOLP ZRPDQ LV FRQVLGHUHG RSSUHVVHG VLQFH VKH PXVW KDYH KHU IDWKHU V
SHUPLVVLRQ WR JHW PDUULHG
,VODDPLF ODZ UHTXLUHV WKH SHUPLVVLRQ RI D ZRPDQ V IDWKHU IRU KHU PDUULDJH WR EH
YDOLG 3URSKHW 0XKDPPDG U ZDV UHSRUWHG WR KDYH VDLG ³ 7KH PDUULDJH RI DQ\
ZRPDQ ZKR PDUULHV KHUVHOI ZLWKRXW KHU JXDUGLDQ©V FRQVHQW LV LQYDOLG ¥
)URP D :HVWHUQ SHUVSHFWLYH LQ ZKLFK WHHQDJHUV DUH UHTXLUHG WR OHDYH KRPH DQG
IHQG IRU WKHPVHOYHV LW ZRXOG VHHP XQWKLQNDEOH WKDW WKHIDWKHU V SHUPLVVLRQ ZRXOG
EH QHHGHG IRU PDUULDJH
7KH 0XVOLP ZRPDQ OLYHV D VKHOWHUHG OLIH 6KH LV QRW XVHG WR GHDOLQJ ZLWK PHQ
RXWVLGH KHU EORRG UHODWLYHV ZKRP VKH FDQQRW PDUU\ PDKDDULP 7KH IDWKHU ZLOO
EH PRUH FDSDEOH RI MXGJLQJ WKH \RXQJ PDQ REMHFWLYHO\ 7KH \RXQJ ZRPDQ FRXOG
HDVLO\ EH IRROHG RU VZHHW WDONHG DV VKH WHQGV WR EH PRUH HPRWLRQDO LQ KHU
MXGJHPHQW
,I WKH JXDUGLDQ UHIXVHV SURSRVDOV IRU LOOHJLWLPDWH UHDVRQV OLNH WKH SHUVRQV WULEH
UDFH FRORU VWDWXV WKH \RXQJ ODG\ KDV WKH ULJKW WR VHHN UHGUHVV IURP WKH FRXUW ,I KH
MXGJH FRQFOXGHV WKDW WKH IDWKHU LV ZURQJIXOO\ SUHYHQWLQJ KLV GDXJKWHU IURP
PDUULDJH KH PD\ WDNH WKH JXDUGLDQVKLS IURP WKH IDWKHU DQG DFW DV WKH JLUOV
JXDUGLDQ
& +,/' 0 $55,$*(6
7KH 3URSKHW U KDV EHHQ DFFXVHG RI EHLQJ D SHGRSKLOH GXH KLV PDUULDJH WR µ$D LVKDK
DW WKH DJH RI
3HGRSKLOLD LQYROYHV DGXOWV WDNLQJ DGYDQWDJH RI FKLOGUHQ E\ SXUFKDVLQJ VH[XDO
IDYRUV IURP WKHP %ULWLVK DQG *HUPDQ VH[ WRXULVWV EHLQJ FDXJKW LQ 6UL /DQND
7KDLODQG DQG WKH 3KLOLSSLQHV DUH QRW VHHNLQJ PDUULDJH EXW RQO\ VH[ IURP FKLOG
704915730.002.png
 
Zgłoś jeśli naruszono regulamin