chap20.pdf
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Pobierz
Mass Society and
Democracy
1870 –1914
Section 1
The Growth of Industrial Prosperity
Section 2
The Emergence of Mass Society
Section 3
The National State and Democracy
Section 4
Toward the Modern Consciousness
What events can affect the
entire world?
The 1900 World’s Fair in Paris, shown in this photo, celebrated the
achievements of the 1800s. The fair showcased inventions of the
Second Industrial Revolution, especially those using the newly
discovered power of electricity. In this chapter, you will learn about
the causes and effects of the Second Industrial Revolution.
• Name another event that draws participants from around the
world. What is the significance of the event?
• What are some technologies invented in your lifetime? How have
they influenced your life?
1878
Thomas Edison
forms the Edison
Electric Light
Company in
New York
1875
German Social
Democratic Party
emerges
1890
Emperor William II
fires Otto von
Bismarck
E
UROPE
AND
THE
U
NITED
S
TATES
1870
1885
T
HE
W
ORLD
1885
Indian National
Congress forms
1894
China and Japan go
to war over Korea
650
Bettmann/CORBIS, ND/Roger Viollet/Getty Images
Sec
ond
Indust
rial
R
evolut
ion
Comparing
Opportunities
Create a Folded
Table and use it
to examine the lives of women before
and after the Second Industrial
Revolution. Include job opportunities
for women, marriage and women’s role
in family life, and women’s rights.
1905
“Bloody Sunday” in
St. Petersburg, Russia
1914
World War I
begins
1900
1915
1914
Panama Canal
opens
(ISTORY
/.,).%
Chapter Overview—
Visit
glencoe.com
to preview Chapter 20.
ND/Roger Viollet/Getty Images, (t) Swim Ink 2/CORBIS, (b) Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image Works
The Growth of Industrial Prosperity
By the late nineteenth century, the Second Industrial
Revolution made the economies of most European nations even
more productive. Electricity and the internal-combustion engine
transformed most of the European world into industrialized
societies. However, the transition was not easy for workers.
Many sought reform through trade unions or socialism to
improve their lives.
GUIDE TO READING
The BIG Idea
New Technologies
Industrialization led to
dramatic increases in productivity and to new polit-
ical theories and social movements.
Content Vocabulary
• assembly line
(p.
655)
• mass production
(p.
655)
• bourgeoisie
(
p. 656)
• proletariat
(p.
656)
• dictatorship
(p.
656)
• revisionists
(p
. 657)
The Second Industrial Revolution
In Western Europe, the introduction of electricity, chemicals, and
petroleum triggered the Second Industrial Revolution, and a world economy began
to develop.
HISTORY & YOU
Does your life come to a halt when the power goes out? Read
to learn when electricity first became a part of everyday life.
Academic Vocabulary
• financier
(p.
652)
• transition
(p.
655)
People and Places
• Thomas Edison
(p.
652)
• Alexander Graham
Bell
(p
. 653
)
• Guglielmo Marconi
(p.
653)
• Karl Marx
(p.
655)
In the late nineteenth century, the belief in progress was so
strong in the West that it was almost a religion. Europeans and
Americans had been impressed by the stunning bounty of the
Second Industrial Revolution. The first Industrial Revolution had
given rise to textiles, railroads, iron, and coal. In the Second Indus-
trial Revolution, steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum were
the keys to making economies even more productive.
Reading Strategy
Determining Cause and Effect
As
you read, complete a diagram like the one below
showing the cause and effect relationship between
the resources and the products produced.
New Products
One major change in industry between 1870 and 1914 was the
substitution of steel for iron. Steel was used in the building of
lighter, smaller, and faster machines and engines. It was also used
in railways, ships, and weapons. In 1860 Great Britain, France,
Germany, and Belgium produced 125,000 tons (112,500 t) of steel.
By 1913, the total was an astounding 32 million tons (29 million t).
Electricity was a major new form of energy that proved valu-
able. It was easily converted into other energy forms such as heat,
light, and motion. Electricity also moved easily through space by
means of wires. In the 1870s, the first practical generators of elec-
trical current were developed. By 1910, hydroelectric power sta-
tions and coal-fired, steam-generating plants connected homes
and factories to a single, common source of power.
Electricity gave birth to a series of inventions. Homes and cities
began to have electric lights when
Thomas Edison
in the United
States and Joseph Swan in Great Britain created the light bulb.
Edison patented the first commercially practical incandescent
light. In 1878, with the help of several
financiers,
including
Electricity
Steel
Internal-
combustion engine
652
INDUSTRIALIZATION OF EUROPE BY 1914
10°W
0°
10°E
St. Petersburg
NORWAY
40°E
50°E
Stockholm
30°E
North
Sea
20°E
SWEDEN
Moscow
DENMARK
UNITED
KINGDOM
NETH.
London
RUSSIAN EMPIRE
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Berlin
Warsaw
BELG.
GERMAN EMPIRE
Breslau
Paris
Nuremberg
Vienna
FRANCE
Limoges
SWITZ.
St. Étienne
AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN
EMPIRE
Toulouse
ROMANIA
e
Belgrade
Marseille
ITALY
SERBIA
Lisbon
Madrid
Corsica
MONTENEGRO
BULGARIA
Barcelona
Constantinople
(Istanbul)
.
PORTUGAL
Rome
Naples
Salerno
SPAIN
Sardinia
ALBANIA
Balearic Is.
GREECE
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Sicily
Malta
U.K.
Crete
Cyprus
U.K.
1.
Human-Environment Interaction
Locate the areas that have the heaviest
concentrations of industry. What geo-
graphic factors could have helped these
areas become heavily industrialized?
2.
Place
Use the information provided in
this map to create a chart that shows the
type of industry in each European country.
Industrial
concentration:
Area
City
AFRICA
Industry:
Chemicals
Electricity
Petroleum
Steel
0
400 kilometers
See
StudentWorks™ Plus
or
glencoe.com
.
0
400 miles
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
J. P. Morgan, Edison formed the Edison
Electric Light Company in New York City.
It was during this time that Edison remark-
ed, “We will make electricity so cheap that
only the rich will burn candles.”
A revolution in communications also
began.
Alexander Graham Bell
invented
the telephone in 1876.
Guglielmo Marconi
sent the first radio waves across the Atlan-
tic in 1901. Marconi made this report of his
remarkable discovery:
P
RIMARY
S
OURCE
“Shortly before mid-day I placed the single ear-
phone to my ear and started listening. . . . I was at
last on the point of putting . . . my beliefs to the
test. . . . The electric waves sent out into space
from Britain had traversed the Atlantic—the dis-
tance . . . of 1,700 miles [2,735 km]—It was an
epoch in history. I now felt for the first time abso-
lutely certain the day would come when mankind
would be able to send messages without wires . . .
between the farthermost ends of the earth.”
CHAPTER 20
Mass Society and Democracy
653
By the 1880s, streetcars and subways
powered by electricity had appeared in
major European cities. Electricity trans-
formed the factory as well. Conveyor belts,
cranes, and machines could all be powered
by electricity. With electric lights, factories
could remain open 24 hours a day.
The development of the internal-com-
bustion engine, fired by oil and gasoline,
provided a new source of power in trans-
portation. This engine gave rise to ocean
liners with oil-fired engines, as well as to
the airplane and the automobile. In 1903
Orville and Wilbur Wright made the first
flight in a fixed-wing plane at Kitty Hawk,
North Carolina. In 1919 the first regular
passenger air service was established.
New Patterns
Industrial production grew at a rapid
pace because of greatly increased sales of
manufactured goods. Europeans could
afford to buy more consumer products for
several reasons. Wages for workers
increased after 1870. In addition, prices for
The Automobile:
Technology That Changed the Global Landscape
Henry Ford and his son Edsel
in a Model F Ford, 1905
Early cars were handmade and expensive. Only several hun-
dred were sold between 1893 and 1901. In 1908, an American,
Henry Ford, revolutionized the car industry by using an assem-
bly line to mass-produce his Model T. The assembly line cut
production costs, enabling Ford to lower prices. By 1916, Ford’s
factories were producing 735,000 cars a year.
The automobile transformed city life. No longer limited by a
transportation system centered on rail lines and streetcars,
people could live and work where they wanted. New, broader
markets opened to business. Suburbs expanded, new roads
were built, and traffic and air pollution increased. Today, nearly
58 million new vehicles hit the road each year worldwide.
1.
Identifying
How did the automobile
accelerate change in the business world?
2.
Evaluating
What are the major benefits
and costs of automotive technology?
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