GRAMMAR-PROFICIENCY_COURSE.pdf

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Subject

DTRA Russian Arms Control

Speaking Proficiency Course

Grammar Review Course

Revised – 18 July 2001

OSPTL-Monterey

SSgt John Morash

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Subject

Page Number

Short Summary of English Grammar

1

Short Summary of Russian Grammar

8

Pronoun Exercises

18

Prepositions

48

Declension Chart

78

Grammatical Cases

79

Noun Declension Exercises

102

Adjective Declension Exercises

104

Verbs

107

Verbs of Motion

135

Prefixed Verbs of Motion

145

Verbs of Motion translation Exercises

175

Participles

183

Verbal Adverbs

190

Interrogative Particle-ли

212

Чтобы clauses

215

Direct and Indirect Speech

219

Particle бы

221

Appendix

Subject

Page

Teaching/Learning Verbs

232

Являться./Явиться

Появляться./Появиться

234

Лежать-Класть-Положить

Сидеть-Сажать-Садиться

Стоять-Ставить-Вставать

Становиться-Стать

236

Comparatives

245

Numbers

252

Adverbs of Time

285

Short Summary of English Grammar

Before starting to analyze Russian grammar we will first brush up on the rules and the

terminology of the Basic English grammatical phenomenon.

English words (as in other languages) are divided into several groups as parts of speech and

members of a sentence. The most general descriptions will be given below.

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Parts of Speech

Nouns- are words denoting things, ideas, phenomenon and which answer the question what and

who (table, love, fog, rainbow, student, family, etc.)

Nouns are animate and inanimate and change for number (singular and plural)

English nouns have two cases- nominative (the case of the subject of the sentence) and

oblique (the case of all objects- direct, indirect, and prepositional).

Adjectives - are words modifying a noun (limiting, qualifying, or specifying) and which answer

the question What kind of?.

Adjectives (and adverbs as well) have 3 degrees of comparison: positive, comparative,

and superlative (kind, kinder, kindest; beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful; good,

better, best; well, better, best)

Verbs are words expressing existence (to be), action (to read), or occurrence (to feel), and which

answers the question What is done?

1. English verbs are divided into two large groups: transitive and intransitive. When

the action of the verb is directed toward its object (direct object only) the verb is called

transitive. Obviously, if the action is directed towards the subject, the verb is intransitive

and may be followed only by the indirect or prepositional objects.

2.

English verbs have four moods:

a) the infinitive (to read)

b) the indicative (I read, I am reading)

c) the imperative (Read!)

d) the conditional (I would read, I would have read)

3. the indicative mood has three tenses (Past, Present, and Future), two voices

(Active and Passive) and four aspects:

Continuous – I am reading

Indefinite – I read

Perfect Continuous – I have been reading

Aspect

Voice

Active

Passive

Continuous

I am punishing

I was punishing

I will be punishing

I am being punished

I was being

punished

I will be punished

Perfect – I have read

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Indefinite

I punish

I punished

I will punish

I am punished

I was punished

I will be punished

Perfect

I have punished

I had punished

I will have punished

I have been

punished

I had been punished

I will have been

punished

Adverbs are words modifying a verb, adjective, or another adverb and which answers the

question How? .

Softly singing

Absolutely beautiful

Pronouns are words substituting nouns or noun phrases (I don't like the arrangement of

chairs in their room – I don't like it . He called twice, I don't like it .)

Pronouns are:

a) personal (I, you, they)

b) reflexive (oneself)

c) possessive (my, your)

d) demonstrative (this, that, such)

f) indefinite (somebody, something)

g) interrogative (who, what, how)

Numerals are words denoting a number. Numerals are divided into two groups – ordinal

(one, two, three) and cardinal (first, second, third).

Prepositions are words connecting nouns to a verb, adjective, or another noun in the

sentence.

Prepositions are concrete and abstract.

Concrete – denote time ( at three, on Monday, in 1962) and space ( in, on ).

Abstract – are attached to the verb such as: relay on, refer to

Put on Look after

Put off Look at

Put away Look for

Put up Look into

Put down

Participles are words functioning as a verbal adjective. Verbal because it has verbal

characteristics (such as tense, voice, etc.). Adjective because it functions as a noun

modifier. Participles have tense, aspect, and voice.

Very soon

e) negative (nobody, nothing)

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Active Voice

Passive Voice

Present Tense

Who is Doing

The woman reading by the

window is my wife.

Is being done by someone

The book, being read by

me, is yours.

Past Tense

Who was doing

The captain, who gave this

order, is from Washington.

Is (was, has been) done by

The letter written by me is

on the table.

The girl, who was talking

with you, is our student.

The car that was bought last

week doesn’t run.

Conjunctions are words connecting sentences (but, and, that, because).

Members of The Sentence

Subject

is an independent part of the sentence. Any part of speech can function as

a subject of the sentence.

The book is on the table. (noun)

Beautiful is an adjective. (adjective)

Sixty is the age of maturity. (number)

To travel is very pleasant. (verb)

Seeing is believing. (gerund)

Predicate

denotes what the subject does or is. Predicate is expressed by verbs or

verbal combinations.

He is a man.

He is born, lives, and dies.

She is a beauty.

Objects

are directed, indirect, and prepositional.

Direct – is an object following the transitive verb and answers

the questions: whom? what?

Indirect – is related to the verb indirectly and stands in any oblique

case.

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