Katherine Reece - The Mesopotamians; Conquerors Of The Middle East.pdf

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The Mesopotamians : conquerors of the Middle East
ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS
THE
MESOPOTAMIANS
by
KATHERINE REECE
LLC
Vero Beach, Florida 32964
CONQUERORS OF THE MIDDLE EAST
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T ABLE OF C ONTENTS
INTRODUCTION … 4
Chapter I
WHO WERE THE MESOPOTAMIANS? … 6
Chapter II
SUMERIANS AND THE FIRST CIVILIZATION … 8
Chapter III
CROPS AND ANIMALS … 18
Chapter IV
MESOPOTAMIAN CLOTHING … 21
Chapter V
ARTS, CRAFTS, AND TEMPLES
AS PART OF EVERYDAY LIFE … 24
Chapter VI
CENTER OF TRADE … 27
Chapter VII
WAR AND CONQUEST … 29
Chapter VIII
BELIEFS AND GODS … 34
Chapter IX
DEATH AND AFTERLIFE … 39
Chapter X
THE PEOPLE TODAY … 41
A Timeline of the History of Mesopotamia … 44
Glossary … 46
Books of Interest … 47
Web Sites … 47
Index … 48
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introduction
When you go shopping, wash your face, write a letter,
plan an event, or even eat a meal, consider how these daily
activities came to exist. Who first settled in communities,
planned city streets, controlled water to grow crops, provided
for fresh drinking water, or set up a calendar for planning
events today, tomorrow, or next month? We take these
activities for granted, but who was responsible for the very
first time they happened?
A young girl in traditional clothing stands in front of
domed architecture that has been used since ancient times.
4
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Mesopotamian commoner, court official,
and noblemen in traditional dress
To find these origins , we look to ancient civilizations,
where a combination of necessity and environmental
conditions caused people to develop and adapt. Mesopotamia
(MEHS uh puh TAY MEE uh) is a region where the earliest
civilization developed.
5
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CHAPTER I:
the mesopotamians?
Mesopotamia is a diverse area approximately 300 miles
(483 km) wide and 150 miles (242 km) long that includes
present-day Syria , Southeast Tu r k e y , and most of Iraq .The
region is about the size of Pennsylvania in the United States
today. Mesopotamia is a Greek word meaning “the land
between two rivers,” because the heart of the region lies
between the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers. Today the
Euphrates is approximately 1,740 miles (2,800 km) long,
and the Tigris flows for 1,180 miles (1,890 km). These two
rivers begin in eastern Turkey, flow together in southeast
Iraq, and finally empty into the Persian Gulf . In ancient
times the rivers did not converge , but flowed separately to
the sea. The seasonal flooding of these two rivers played a
major role in how ancient civilizations developed.
Mesopotamia has been called the “ Cradle of Civilization ,”
since scientists believe the earliest civilizations developed in
Mesopotamia. A civilization is defined by a surplus of food,
a division of labor, organized government and religion, and
written records. A community emerges through shared
beliefs and customs, and trade develops between local
regions and distant lands.
6
who were
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