Polish Grammar in a Nutshell.pdf

(1285 KB) Pobierz
44669498 UNPDF
Polish Grammar in a
Nutshell
by
Oscar E. Swan
44669498.001.png
2
Introduction 5
Table of Contents
Sound Values of the Letters
Notes on Spelling and Pronunciation
Preliminaries
Cases and Case Use
Chart of Regular Noun Endings
Supplements
Personal Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns
Demonstrative and Relative Pronouns
Intensive Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
Distributive Pronouns
4. Adjectives 38
Adjective Declension
Adjective-Noun Order
Comparison of Adjectives
Adjective Opposites and Their Comparatives
5. Adverbs 43
Formation of Adverbs
Non-Adjectival Adverbs
Notes
Cardinal Numerals
Collective Numerals
Reified Numerals
Indefinite Numerals
Ordinal Numerals
7. Prepositions 58
English-to-Polish Prepositions
Polish-to-English Prepositions
Prepositions According to the Case Required
3
Expressing If… then…
The Infinitive
Finite Verb Categories
Pragmatic Personal Verb Categories
Present Tense
Imperative
Past Tense
Compound Future Tense
Perfective and Imperfective Aspect
Verbs of Motion
Conditional Mood
Participles, Gerunds, Verbal Nouns
Passive Voice
Depersonal Verbs
Reflexive Verbs
Constructions Using the Infinitive
Modal Expressions
Introducing Sentences
Identity Sentences
Expressing There Is
Predicate Nouns and Adjectives
Yes-No Questions
Negation
Word Order
Sentence Intonation
4
Introduction
Polish Grammar in a Nutshell is intended for use as a short reference and review
grammar at any level of Polish language study, from beginning to advanced. It can be
used in conjunction with any of various curently available textbooks, or as a grammatical
accompaniment to reading and translation courses. It covers sounds, spelling,
pronunciation, conjugation and declension, verb aspect, adverbs, prepositions,
conjunctions, the numeral and participle systems, and the basics of Polish syntax. As a
whole, it summarizes the amount of grammar usually covered in a four-year
undergraduate Polish program at the college level.
For current and continually updated information on Poland— its people, geography,
politics, economy, and so on, consult the link
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pl.html
Abbreviations Occasionally Used Here
1p, 2p, 3p 1st, 2nd, 3rd person
infin
infinitive
A(cc)
accusative case
inform.
informal
aj
adjective
L(oc)
locative case
an
animate
m(asc)
masculine gender
av
adverb
m.p.pl
masculine personal plural gender
comp
comparative
N(om)
nominative case
cond
conditional mood
n(eut)
neuter gender
conj
conjunction
pers
person, personal
D(at)
dative case
pf
perfective aspect
f(em)
feminine gender
pl
plural
form.
formal style usage
pron
pronoun
G(en)
genitive case
sg
singular
I(nst)
instrumental case
superl
superlative
imper
imperative
V(oc)
vocative case
impf
imperfective aspect
vb
verb
5

Plik z chomika:

Inne pliki z tego folderu:

Inne foldery tego chomika:

Zgłoś jeśli naruszono regulamin