Wiring_Hardware_Overview.pdf

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The Wiring hardware is a small circuit board that includes a tiny computer of the size of a postage stamp known as a

microcontroller. This computer can be programmed in the Wiring programming environment to control all kinds of

sensors and actuators. Sensors are devices that allow the board to acquire information from the surrounding

environment (temperature, light, distance to an object etc.). Actuators are devices that allow the board to create

changes (responses) in the physical world (light, movement, temperature, etc.) making possible to create all kinds of

interactive artifacts.

A microcontroller addresses some of the difficulties involved in prototyping with electronics by introducing the concept

of programming into it. The same unit can behave in different ways, just by doing or modifying a software program to

adapt it to a specific purpose.

In order to attach sensors and actuators the Wiring hardware provides a set of connectors known as pins. A pin can be

set as INPUT or OUTPUT whether it is used to read a sensor or create responses in the physical world through actuators.

Sensors can be of different kinds but they may be grouped into digital and analog. Digital refers to signals with two

possible states, ON or OFF, HIGH or LOW, like switches for example or special digital communication protocols. Analog

refers to signals that can take any value in a continuous range, like luminosity or temperature.

Pins can have alternate functions, check the diagrams and information below. Normally one type of function in a pin can

be used a time.

The Wiring hardware can be connected to a computer's USB port. This connection is both for uploading a new program

written in the Wiring programming environment into the Wiring hardware and to communicate the Wiring hardware

with a computer for other purposes, like sending data from/to the board to an application running on a PC. The PC

recognizes the Wiring hardware as a serial port, being able to read and send data to it from many applications.

There are 3 basic prototyping scenarios Wiring was designed for: standalone interactive objects or spaces, interactive

objects or spaces connected to a computer to enhance the prototype capabilities, or networked objects or spaces by

communicating multiple hardware devices.

There are two flavors of the Wiring hardware: The Wiring I/O board (left in the diagrams) and the WiringMini (right

in the diagrams). The Wiring I/O board and WiringMini are based on the powerful ATMEL microcontrollers (atmega128,

atmega1281 and atmega2561), so both have the same power and capabilities. The Wiring I/O board can be used out of

the box, it provides a USB port on it which can be directly attached to a computer for uploading programs, no special

setup or connections needed to start working with it so it is ideal in the classroom as it is just ready to use. The

WiringMini is smaller in size, it is intended for advanced users. It doesnªt include a USB connector so it requires a serial

adapter like the Wiring USBAdapter to program it. Because of the smaller size factor the WiringMini can be used directly

on a breadboard, it has lower costs so it is ideal for setting up a small-mid production of a project. It fits in tiny places

with a very low power consumption.

Do you want to get the Wiring hardware, see compatible boards or build your own? please check the FAQ or download

the EAGLE and schematics files for the hardware designs. If you are looking for tutorials for installing yhe Wiring

hardware and software check out the Learning / Tutorials section.

Topics covered here include: Digital input/output pins , Analog input pins , PWM (analog) output pins , Serial ports , Pins

with special functions , External interrupts pins , Digital input/output ports , Indicative LEDs , Power supply , USB Adapter .

Digital input/output pins

The Wiring hardware has 54 digital pins that can be configured and used individually as inputs or outputs from the

Wiring language in the Wiring programming environment. When a digital pin is configured as INPUT it can be used to

read all kind of sensors that give values ON and OFF, like push buttons, touch sensors, switches etc. read pulses or

digital sensors in general. When a pin is used as an OUTPUT it can be used to turn ON or OFF all sort of devices like

light bulbs, motors, home appliances, generate pulses etc. Pin 48 is connected to an amber LED (Light Emitting Diode)

located in the board for quickly test programs or for running quick diagnostics.

Analog input pins

The Wiring hardware has 8 analog inputs capable of reading voltages between 0-5V. Internally the voltages are

translated into numbers from 0 to 1023. These inputs can be used to measure continuous quantities like light intensity,

temperature, proximity, position etc.

NOTE: Analog Inputs can be used as digital pins if necessary, just use numbering from 40 to 47 as shown in the

diagram with pinMode, digitalRead or digitalWrite commands to access them as digital pins.

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PWM (analog) output pins

The Wiring hardware has 6 PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) outputs. PWM consists of switching something ON and OFF

thousands of times per second simulating the behaviour of an analog output, creating effects like light intensity

dimming or controling the speed of a motor. The PWM functionality is available on pins 29, 30, 31, 35, 36 and 37.

Serial ports

The Wiring hardware has 2 hardware serial ports. In the Wiring language one is called SERIAL and the other called

SERIAL1 . The SERIAL serial port is available on the pins 32(Rx) and 33(Tx) and in the Wiring I/O board is also available

through the USB connector. It is used for both programming the Wiring hardware with the Wiring development

environment, and to communicate with other devices. The SERIAL1 serial port is available on I/O pins 2(Rx) and 3(Tx).

Pins with speacial functions

The Wiring hardware provides ISP and TWI (Two Wire Interface) also known as i2c interface. The TWI allows to

connect up to 128 i2c sensors/actuators in a network using only 2 wires to communicate with all of them. It is also

possible to use those pins to create a network of up to 127 Wiring boards using the Wire library.

External interrupts pins

It is possible to generate and attend external interrupts in the Wiring hardware. There are 8 external interrupts

numbered from 0 to 7 so there are 8 pins on the Wiring hardware capable of external interrupts, 0, 1, 2, 3, 36, 37, 38,

and 39 respectively. In addition to being regular digital pins, note that pins 0 and 1 are also used for the Wire library

(TWI) and pins 2 and 3 are also the Serial1 serial port pins.

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Digital input/output ports

The Wiring hardware has 5 digital ports (from 0 to 4). A port is a set of 8 pins, and can be used to send or receive data

to devices in parallel (8 bits at a time). They are useful when using devices like liquid crystal displays or printers. Each

port can be configured and used individually as input or output from the Wiring language in the Wiring programming

environment.

If more digital I/O pins or a an additional I/O digital port are needed, it is possible to use the analog input section as a

digital one, in such case individual pins will continue to be numbered from 40 to 47, and the set of 8 pins is available

as port 5.

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Indicative LEDs

The Wiring hardware has a power (green) LED indicator that is turned ON when the board is powered. It also has a

diagnostic (amber) LED, that can be turned ON or OFF from the Wiring language and is accessed as digital pin 48. The

Wiring I/O board also includes LEDs for the SERIAL serial port (USB) data transmission (light yellow) and data reception

(blue) (it is red for boards up to revision 0004).

Power supply

A generic 7-13 Volt 800mA power supply with female, center positive connector is required to power the Wiring

hardware. It will suit fine for a number of applications, but if more power is required, it is recommended to get a more

robust power supply.

For small experiments, with low current consumption devices, the Wiring hardware can be powered from the

computer's USB port when the board is connected to the computer.

The Wiring hardware can also be powered from external batteries or regulated power supplies (see the WARNING note

at the end of the diagram when doing this).

A USB Cable (generic USB printer cable) is required to connect the Wiring hardware to a computer. The WiringMini

requires a serial to USB adapter (like the Wiring USBAdapter) to connect it to a computer.

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Boards up to revision 0004: the diagram below shows power connections for previous Wiring boards (up to revision

0004) and WiringMini.

USB adapter

The Wiring USBAdapter converts the serial RS-232 TTL signal levels to USB. It is based on the FTDI FT232R chip. The

small board provides access to all its pins and use it with breadboards and all kinds of microcontrollers.

The Wiring USBAdapter has RX and TX RS-232 TTL lines that can be connected directly to a microcontroller serial lines.

The USBAdapter RX and TX lines must be connected to the TX and RX lines of the microcontroller repectively.

The RS-232 standard includes other I/O lines that are also available in the Wiring USBAdapter, even if those lines are

not commonly used in many setups. It also provides access to other FTDI232R lines that can be configured for other

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