CRC Press - Biomedical Photonics Handbook.pdf - ksiazki w pdf - shaerogorath

Photonics

HANDBOOK

Editor-in-Chief

Tuan Vo-Dinh

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Oak Ridge, Tennessee

CRC PRESS

Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.

Biomedical

Advisory Board

Mitchel S. Berger, M.D.

Professor and Chair

Department of Neurological Surgery

School of Medicine, University of California

San Francisco, California, U.S.A.

Leroy Hood, Ph.D., M.D.

President, Director, and Professor

Institute for Systems Biology

University of Washington

Seattle, Washington, U.S.A.

Britton Chance, Ph.D., D.Sc.

Eldridge Reeves Johnson Professor Emeritus

Biophysics

University of Pennsylvania

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.

Joseph R. Lakowicz, Ph.D.

Professor and Director

Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy

University of Maryland School of Medicine

Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.

Thomas J. Dougherty, Ph.D.

Chief, PDT Center

Roswell Park Cancer Institute

Buffalo, New York, U.S.A.

and

Professor

School of Medicine

State University of New York at Buffalo

Buffalo, New York, U.S.A.

Vladilen S. Letokhov, Ph.D.

Head

Laser Spectroscopy Department

Institute of Spectroscopy

Russian Academy of Sciences

Troitsk, Moscow Region, Russian Federation

Daniel L. Farkas, Ph.D.

Vice Chairman and Professor

Director of Surgery

Director, Minimally Invasive Surgical

Technologies Institute

Cedars-Sinai Medical Center

Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.

Praveen N. Mathur, M.D.

Clinical Professor of Medicine

Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy

and Occupational Medicine

Indiana University Medical Center

Bloomington, Indiana, U.S.A.

James G. Fujimoto, Ph.D.

Professor of Electrical Engineering

and Computer Science

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.

Nitish V. Thakor, Ph.D.

Professor and Director

Biomedical Instrumentation

and Computing Laboratory

John Hopkins University School of Medicine

Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.

Warren S. Grundfest, M.D.

Professor and Chair

Biomedical Engineering Program

University of California, Los Angeles

Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.

Tony Wilson, Ph.D.

Professor of Engineering Sciences

University of Oxford

Oxford, U.K.

Cover Art

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Inspired by the love and

inﬁnite patience of

my wife, Kim-Chi, and

my daughter, Jade

This book is dedicated to the

memory of my parents,

Vo Dinh Kinh and

Dang Thi Dinh

Preface

The Biomedical Photonics Handbook is intended to serve as an authoritative reference source for a broad

audience involved in the research, teaching, learning, and practice of medical technologies. Biomedical

photonics is deﬁned as the science that harnesses light and other forms of radiant energy to solve problems

arising in medicine and biology. This research ﬁeld has recently experienced an explosive growth due to

the noninvasive or minimally invasive nature and cost-effectiveness of photonic modalities in medical

diagnostics and therapy.

The ﬁeld of biomedical photonics did not emerge as a well-deﬁned, single research discipline like

chemistry, physics, or biology. Its development and growth have been shaped by the convergence of three

scientiﬁc and technological revolutions of the 20th century: the quantum theory revolution, the tech-

nology revolution, and the genomics revolution.

The quantum theory of atomic phenomena provides a fundamental framework for molecular biology

and genetics because of its unique understanding of electrons, atoms, molecules, and light itself. Out of

this new scientiﬁc framework emerged the discovery of the structure of DNA, the molecular nature of

cell machinery, and the genetic cause of diseases, all of which form the basis of molecular medicine. The

formulation of quantum theory not only gave birth to the ﬁeld of molecular spectroscopy but also led

to the development of a powerful set of photonics tools — lasers, scanning tunneling microscopes, near-

ﬁeld nanoprobes — for exploring nature and understanding the cause of disease at the fundamental level.

Advances in technology also played, and continue to play, an essential role in the development of

biomedical photonics. The invention of the laser was an important milestone; the laser is now the light

source most widely used to excite tissues for disease diagnosis as well as to irradiate tumors for tissue

removal in interventional surgery (“optical scalpels”). The microchip is another important technological

development that has signiﬁcantly accelerated the evolution of biomedical photonics. Although the laser

has provided a new technology for excitation, the miniaturization and mass production of integrated

circuits, sensor devices, and their associated electronic circuitry made possible by the microchip has

radically transformed the ways in which detection and imaging of molecules, tissues, and organs can be

performed in vivo and ex vivo .

Recently, nanotechnology, which involves research on materials and species at length scales between

1 to 100 nm, has been revolutionizing important areas in biomedical photonics, especially diagnostics

and therapy at the molecular and cellular levels. The combination of photonics and nanotechnology has

already led to a new generation of devices for probing the cell machinery and elucidating intimate life

processes occurring at the molecular level heretofore invisible to human inquiry. This will open the

possibility of detecting and manipulating atoms and molecules using nanodevices, which have the

potential for a wide variety of medical uses at the cellular level. The marriage of electronics, biomaterials,

and photonics is expected to revolutionize many areas of medicine in the 21st century.

A wide variety of biomedical photonic technologies have already been developed for clinical monitoring

of early disease states or physiological parameters such as blood pressure, blood chemistry, pH, temperature,

CRC Press - Biomedical Photonics Handbook.pdf

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