Inventors and Inventions Vol 1-4.pdf

Great Lives from History

Great Lives from History

Volume 1

4Abbas ibn Firnas - Philip Emeagwali

Editor

Alvin K. Benson

Utah Valley University

SALEM PRESS

Pasadena, California

Hackensack, New Jersey

Editor in Chief: Dawn P. Dawson

Editorial Director: Christina J. Moose

Development Editor: R. Kent Rasmussen

Manuscript Editor: Timothy M. Tiernan

Acquisitions Editor: Mark Rehn

Editorial Assistant: Brett Weisberg

Research Supervisor: Jeffry Jensen

Research Assistant: Keli Trousdale

Photo Editor: Cynthia Breslin Beres

Production Editor: Andrea E. Miller

Graphics and Design: James Hutson

Layout: Mary Overell

Cover photos (pictured clockwise, from top left): Madam C. J. Walker (The Granger Collection, New York);

Model T (©Margojh/Dreamstime.com); Thomas Alva Edison (The Granger Collection, New York); Chinese pa-

per (©iStockphoto.com); Leonardo da Vinci (The Granger Collection, New York); Vintage typewriter (©Michael

Flippo/Dreamstime.com); Steve Jobs (Getty Images); Cristofori piano (The Granger Collection, New York);

Nikola Tesla (The Granger Collection, New York)

All rights in this book are reserved. No part of this work may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever or

transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information

storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner except in the case of brief quotations

embodied in critical articles and reviews or in the copying of images deemed to be freely licensed or in the public

domain. For information address the publisher, Salem Press, at csr@salempress.com.

The paper used in these volumes conforms to the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed

Library Materials, Z39.48-1992 (R1997).

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Great lives from history. Inventors and inventions / editor, Alvin K. Benson.

p. cm. — (Great lives from history)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-58765-522-7 (set : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-58765-523-4 (vol. 1 : alk. paper) —

ISBN 978-1-58765-524-1 (vol. 2 : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-58765-525-8 (vol. 3 : alk. paper) —

ISBN 978-1-58765-526-5 (vol. 4 : alk. paper)

1. Inventors—Biography. 2. Inventions—History. I. Benson, Alvin K. II. Title: Inventors and inventions.

T39.G75 2009

609.2’2—dc22

2009026443

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

∞

CONTENTS

Publisher’s Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

Editor’s Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

Key to Pronunciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix

Complete List of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi

List of Inventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii

Carl Bosch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Walther Bothe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Herbert Wayne Boyer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Otis Boykin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Willard S. Boyle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

Louis Braille . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Giovanni Branca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Jacques Edwin Brandenberger . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Walter H. Brattain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Karl Ferdinand Braun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Wernher von Braun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

John Moses Browning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

William Bullock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Robert Wilhelm Bunsen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

Luther Burbank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

William Seward Burroughs . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

David Bushnell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

Nolan K. Bushnell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

Abbas ibn Firnas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Edward Goodrich Acheson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

George Biddell Airy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

George Edward Alcorn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Ernst Alexanderson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Luis W. Álvarez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Marc Andreessen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Archimedes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Aristotle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Sir Richard Arkwright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Edwin H. Armstrong. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Arthur James Arnot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

John Vincent Atanasoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Hertha Marks Ayrton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Cai Lun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

Robert Cailliau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

John Campbell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Marvin Camras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Chester F. Carlson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Wallace Hume Carothers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

Willis Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

George R. Carruthers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

Edmund Cartwright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

George Washington Carver . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

George Cayley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Vinton Gray Cerf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

Georges Claude. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Josephine Garis Cochran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Sir Christopher Cockerell . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

Stanley Norman Cohen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

Samuel Colt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

William Fothergill Cooke . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

William David Coolidge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

Martin Cooper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Peter Cooper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

Martha J. Coston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

Frederick Gardner Cottrell . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

Jacques Cousteau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

Joshua Lionel Cowen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

Seymour Cray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

Bartolomeo Cristofori . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

Charles Babbage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Roger Bacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Leo Hendrik Baekeland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Alexander Bain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Benjamin Banneker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

John Bardeen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Patricia Bath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Andrew Jackson Beard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

J. Georg Bednorz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Semi Joseph Begun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Georg von Békésy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Alexander Graham Bell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Carl Benz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Friedrich Bergius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Emile Berliner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Tim Berners-Lee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Clifford Berry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Sir Henry Bessemer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Edwin Binney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Gerd Binnig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Clarence Birdseye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Katharine Burr Blodgett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Marie Anne Victoire Boivin . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

H. Cecil Booth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

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