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Phonology Q1047

Distinctive features handout

1

Distinctive features

1.1. Major class features

vowels glides (= semi-

vowels: j w )

laryngeals

( h  )

syllabic

nasals and

liquids

non-syllabic

nasals and

liquids

plosives,

affricates,

fricatives

[consonantal]

–

–

–

+

+

+

[sonorant]

+

+

–

+

+

–

[syllabic]

+

–

–

+

–

–

Classes of sounds defined by major class features:

[+cons] nasals, liquids, plosives, affricates, fricatives

[–cons] vowels, glides, laryngeals

[+son] vowels, glides, nasals/liquids

[–son] obstruents (= laryngeals, plosives, affricates, fricatives)

[+syl] vowels, syllabic nasals/liquids

[–syl] glides, laryngeals, non-syllabic nasals/liquids, plosives, affricates,

fricatives

[+cons, +son] nasals/liquids

[+cons, –son] plosives, affricates, fricatives (not laryngeals)

[–cons, +son] vowels, glides

[–cons, –son] laryngeals

[+syl, +cons] syllabic nasals/liquids

[+syl, –cons] vowels

[–syl, +cons] non-syllabic nasals/liquids, plosives, affricates, fricatives

[–syl, –cons] glides, laryngeals

[–syl, +son] glides, non-syllabic nasals/liquids

[–syl, +cons, +son] non-syllabic nasals/liquids

[–syl, –cons, +son] glides

Redundancy: [+syl] → [+son]

[–son] → [-syl]

1.2. Further major class features ([approximant] as in Spencer 1996)

vowels glides laryngeals

liquids

nasals

obstruents

[approximant]

+

+

–

+

–

–

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Phonology Q1047

Distinctive features handout

2

2-3. Manner features and laryngeal features (consonants)

j/w h  l r nasal t t t   d t ts  s

[ cont inuant] 1

+

+

–

±

+

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

+

+

[ del ayed rel ease]

–

–

–

–

–

–

+

+

[ lat eral]

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

[ nas al]

+ − − − − − − − − −

− − − − −

[ distr ibuted]

(+)

(–)

(–)

+

+

+

+

+

–

+

–

+

[ voi ce]

+

–

–

+

+

+

–

–

–

+

+

–

–

–

–

[ spread glottis]

+

–

+ −

–

–

–

–

+ − −

[ constr icted glottis] − −

− −

+ + − − − − −

1 . Gussenhoven & Jacobs (1998: 73-74) discuss whether [continuant] should apply at all to

laryngeal consonants.

4. Place features (consonants)

a) Binary feature account

labials

dentals/

alveolars

post-alveolars/

palatals

velars/uvulars/

pharyngeals/ laryngeals

labiovelars

[ ant erior]

+

+

–

–

–

[ cor onal]

–

+

+

–

–

[ lab ial]

+

–

–

–

+

b) Unary feature account (Spencer 1996) using [anterior] as above

labials

dentals/alveolars/ post-alveolars/

palatals

velars/uvulars

pharyngeals/ laryngeals

[ LABIAL ]

[ CORONAL ]

[ DORSAL ]

[ GUTTURAL ]

Gussenhoven & Jacobs (1998) use [ RADICAL ] for pharyngeals; for them, laryngeal

consonants have no ‘place’ feature at all.

5.1. Vowels

A. Up to three degrees of height (after Chomsky & Halle 1968)

i e /æ/a / / / u o / y ø œ

[ hi gh]

+

–

–

+

–

–

+

–

–

+

–

–

[ lo w]

–

–

+

–

–

+

–

–

+

–

–

+

[ b ac k ]

–

–

–

+

+

+

+

+

+

–

–

–

[ r ou nd ]

–

–

–

–

–

–

+

+

+

+

+

+

For vowels, [ r ou nd ] = [ lab ial]

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Phonology Q1047

Distinctive features handout

3

Further vowel distinctions, using [tense] (after Chomsky & Halle, for English) or [ A dvanced

T ongue R oot]

i  e   a/æ  / o / u 

[tense] + – + –

+ – + – +

– +

–

i  e    o / u 

[ATR] + – + – + – + – +

–

B. Four degrees of height (using the feature [mid] but not [low]). NB, in this system [high]

has a different definition from the system in A. Here in system B [+high] includes close and

half-close vowels. In system A [+high] includes only close vowels.

i e  a/æ y ø œ  /  / / u o  

[high] + + – – + + – –

+ +

–

– +

+

–

–

[mid]

– + + – – + + –

– +

+

– –

+

+

–

[back]

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

– +

+ +

+

++++

[round] – – – – + + + +

– –

–

– ++++

5.2. The features [high], [back] and [labial] applied to consonants

p p p t t t t t t t c/k k k q

[ant] + + + + +

+ + – – –

– –

– –

[cor] – – – + +

+ + + + + + –

– –

[lab] + + + – –

– + – – +

– –

+ –

[hi] – + + – +

+ – – + – + +

+ –

[bk] – – + – –

+ – – + – – +

+ +

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Phonology Q1047

Distinctive features handout

4

Some basic feature definitions of sound types

Vowel

[+syl, –cons]

Glide (semivowel)

[–syl, –cons, +son]

Laryngeal

[–son, –cons]

Sonorant consonant

[–syl, +son]

Approximant cons.

[–syl, +approx] or [–syl, +son, –nasal]

Liquid

[+cons, +approx] or [+cons, +son, –nasal]

Stop

[–cont, –approx] ( or just [–cont] if laterals are [+cont])

Plosive

[–son, –cont, –del rel]

Affricate

[–son, –cont, +del rel]

Fricative

[–son, +cont]

Aspirated

[+spread]

Glottal(ized)

[+constr]

Places of articulation (binary features)

Front (vowel)

[–back]

Central or back vowel

[+back]

Rounded vowel

[+round] or [+labial]

Labial

[+lab]

Labiodental

[+lab, –distr]

Bilabial

[+lab, +distr]

Dental/alveolar

[+ant, +cor]

Interdental

[+ant, +cor, –dist]

Lamino-dental 1 [+ant, +cor, +distr]

Lamino-alveolar 1 [+ant, +cor, +distr]

Apico-alveolar

[+ant, +cor, −distr]

Postalveolar

[–ant, +cor, –hi]

Palatal

[+cor, +hi]

Velar

[+hi, +bk]

Labiovelar

[+hi, +bk, +lab]

Uvular

[–hi, +bk]

Pharyngeal

[+lo]

1 Note that lamino-dentals and lamino-alveolars have the same feature definition here (after Gussenhoven &

Jacobs 1998). This is one respect in which the DF treatment of coronal consonants is unsatisfactory.

Phonology Q1047

Distinctive features handout

5

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