Physics of Surfaces and Interfaces - H.Ibach, Springer, 2006.pdf

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Harald Ibach
Physics of Surfaces and Interfaces
392831202.001.png
Harald Ibach
Physics of Surfaces
and Interfaces
With 350 Figures
123
Professor Dr. Harald Ibach
Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH
Institut für Bio- und Nanosysteme (IBN
3
)
Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße
52425 Jülich
Germany
e-mail: h.ibach@fz-juelich.de
Library of Congress Control Number: 2006927805
ISBN-10 3-540-34709-7 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
ISBN-13 978-3-540- 34709-5 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material
is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication
of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright
Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from
Springer. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law.
Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not
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Preface
Writing a textbook is an undertaking that requires strong motivation, strong
enough to carry out almost two years of solid work in this case. My motivation
arose from three sources. The first was the ever-increasing pressure of our German
administration on research institutions and individuals to divert time and attention
from the pursuit of research into achieving politically determined five-year plans
and milestones. The challenge of writing a textbook helped me to maintain my
integrity as a scientist and served as an escape.
A second source of motivation lay in my attempt to understand transport proc-
esses at the solid/electrolyte interface within the framework of concepts developed
for solid surfaces in vacuum. These concepts provide logical connections between
the properties of single atoms and large ensembles of atoms by describing the
physics on an ever-coarser mesh. The transfer to the solid/electrolyte interface
proved nontrivial, the greatest obstacle being that terms such as surface tension
denote different quantities in surface physics and electrochemistry. Furthermore, I
came to realize that not infrequently identical quantities and concepts carry differ-
ent names in the two disciplines. I felt challenged by the task of bringing the two
worlds together. Thus a distinct feature of this volume is that, wherever appropri-
ate, it treats surfaces in vacuum and in an electrolyte side-by-side.
The final motivation unfolded during the course of the work itself. After 40
years of research, I found it relaxing and intellectually rewarding to sit back, think
thoroughly about the basics and cast those thoughts into the form of a tutorial text.
In keeping with my own likings, this volume covers everything from experi-
mental methods and technical tricks of the trade to what, at times, are rather
sophisticated theoretical considerations. Thus, while some parts make for easy
reading, others may require a more in-depth study, depending on the reader. I have
tried to be as tutorial as possible even in the theoretical parts and have sacrificed
rigorousness for clarity by introducing illustrative shortcuts.
The experimental examples, for convenience, are drawn largely from the store
of knowledge available in our group in Jülich. Compiling these entailed some
nostalgia as well as the satisfaction of preserving expertise that has been acquired
over three decades of research.
I pondered long and hard about the order of the presentation. The necessarily
linear arrangement of the material in a textbook is intrinsically unsuitable for de-
scribing a field in which everything seems to be connected to everything else. I
finally settled for a fairly conventional sequence. To draw attention to relation-
ships between different topics the linear style of presentation is supplemented by
cross-references to earlier and later sections.
__________________________________________________________________________
Preface
Despite the length of the text and the many topics covered, it is alarming to
note what had to be left out: the important and fashionable field of adhesion and
friction; catalytic and electrochemical reactions at surfaces; liquid interfaces;
much about solid/solid interfaces; alloy, polymer, oxide and other insulator sur-
faces; and the new world of switchable organic molecules at solid surfaces, to
name just a few of a seemingly endless list.
This volume could not have been written without the help of many colleagues.
Above all, I would like to thank Margret Giesen for introducing me to the field of
surface transport and growth, both at the solid/vacuum and the solid/electrolyte
interface. This book would not exist without the inspiration I received from the
beautiful experiments of hers and her group and the almost daily discussions with
her. I should also be grateful for the patience she exercised as my wife during the
two years I spent writing this book.
Jorge Müller went through the ordeal of scrutinizing the text for misprints, the
equations for errors, and the text for misconceptions or misleading phrases. I also
express my appreciation for the many enlightening discussions of physics during
the long years of our collaboration.
I greatly enjoyed the hospitality of my colleagues at the University of Califor-
nia Irvine during my sabbatical in Spring 2005 where four chapters of this volume
were written. On that occasion I also enjoyed many discussions with Douglas L.
Mills on thin film magnetism and magnetic excitation, the fruits of which went
into the chapter on magnetism. In addition, the chapter on surface vibrations bene-
fited immensely from our earlier collaboration on that topic.
Of the many other colleagues who helped me to understand the physics of inter-
faces, I would like to single out Ted L. Einstein and Wolfgang Schmickler. Ted
Einstein initiated me in the statistical thermodynamics of surfaces. Several parts of
this volume draw directly on experience acquired during our collaboration. Wolf-
gang Schmickler wrote the only textbook on electrochemistry that I was ever able
to understand. The thermodynamics of the solid/electrolyte interface as outlined in
chapter 4 of this volume evolved from our collaboration on this topic.
With Georgi Staikov I had fruitful discussions on nucleation theory and various
aspects of electrochemical phase formation which helped to formulate the chapter
on nucleation and growth. Guillermo Beltramo contributed helpful discussions as
well as several graphs on electrochemistry. Hans-Peter Oepen and Michaela
Hartmann read and commented the chapters on magnetism and electronic proper-
ties. Rudolf David contributed to the section on He-scattering. Claudia Steufmehl
made some sophisticated drawings. In drawing the structures of surface, I made
good use of the NIST database 42 [1.1] and the various features of the package.
Last but not least I thank the many nameless students who attended my lectures
on surface physics over the years. Their attentive listening and the awkward ques-
tions it led to were indispensable for formulating the concepts described in this
book. Finally, I beg forgiveness from my colleagues in Jülich for having been a
negligent institute director lately.
Jülich, May 2006
Harald Ibach
VI

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