Speaking and Writing Strategies for TOEFL.pdf

ii - Speaking and Writing Strategies for the TOEFL iBT

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Speaking and Writing Strategies for the TOEFL iBT

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The material in this text, including argument maps, speaking and writing prompts, speaking and writing

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Speaking and Writing Strategies for the TOEFL iBT - iii

Contents

DEVELOPING AN ARGUMENT ………………………..……………………….….. 1

Arguments and the TOEFL iBT…………………………………………..………………1

What is an Argument?…………………………………………………………………….. 1

Personal-Opinion Argument : Deduction .……………………………………………… 2

Rhetorical Strategies ………………………………………………………………………. 4

Personal-Opinion Argument : Induction ……………………………..………………… 7

Developing Your Opinion ………………………………….……………………………… 8

Fact-Based Argument : Deduction ………………………………………………………11

Fact-Based Argument : Induction .………………………………………………………13

Coherence = A High Score ………………….………………………………………….. 14

Argument Mapping………………………..……………………………………………… 14

G+3TiC=C …..…………………………………………………………………………….... 15

TASK ORDER ……………………………………………………………………………… 19

WRITING TASKS

INDEPENDENT ESSAY .………………………………………………………….… 21

G+3TiC=C …………….…………………………………………………………………..… 21

Basic Independent Essay ……………………………………………………………… 22

Agree-Disagree Prompts …….………………………………………………………….. 22

OPDUL=C …………….……………………………………………………………………. 26

Preference Prompts…….………………………………………………………………… 37

Compare-Contrast Prompts….………………………………………………………… 40

Advantage-Disadvantage Prompts…….……………………………………………… 49

Advantage Prompts….…………………………………………………………………… 52

Disadvantage Prompts..…………………………………………………………………. 54

Reason Prompts ………………………………………………………………………….. 55

Quality Prompts.….………………………………………………………………………. 63

Writing Practice.………………………………………………………………………….. 66

Advanced Introduction Strategies .…………………………………………………… 67

iv - Speaking and Writing Strategies for the TOEFL iBT T

Simple Hooks .…………………………………………………………………………….. 67

Complex Hooks ..…………………………………………………………………………. 68

Advanced Thesis Strategies..…………………………………………………………… 72

Predictor Thesis…………………………………………………………………………… 72

Writing a Predictor Thesis ……………………………………………………………… 73

Predictor Thesis: Parallelism .………………………………………………………….. 74

Gerund Predictor Thesis………………………………………………………………... 75

Predictor Thesis: Using Synonyms ……………………………………………………. 76

1. Predictor Thesis : When to Write …………………………………….……………… 77

2. Predictor Thesis : When to Write ……………………………………….…………… 79

Advanced Conclusion Strategies ……………………………………………………… 82

Advanced Independent Essays ………………………….………………………….. 87

Emergency Independent Essay ……………………………………………………… 95

Contrarian Independent Essay ……………………………………………………… 97

Writing Practice…………………………………………………………………………… 99

What Have You Learned? ……………………………………………………………… 100

INTEGRATED ESSAY ……………………………………………………………… 101

Argument-Counter Argument Essay ……………………………………………… 102

OPDUL=C …………………………………………………………………………………. 102

ETS’s Testing Method…………………………………………………………………...103

1. Argument-Counter Argument Essay : Step-by-Step ………………………….. 105

The Black-and-White Rule.…………………………………………………………….113

Organization : Point-by-Point Style .………………………………………………….. 117

Organization : Block Style ……………………………………………………………… 119

Paraphrasing……………………………………………………………………………...121

2. Argument-Counter Argument Essay : Step-by-Step ………………………….. 125

Three Common Problems……………………………………………………………… 131

Writing Practice.........................…………………………………………………….. 136

Show-Support Essay .…………………………………………………………………..141

Show Support Essay: Step-by-Step .………………………………………………….144

Writing Practice.…………………………………………………………………………. 150

Emergency Integrated Essay ……………….……………………………………….152

What Have You Learned? ……………………………………………………………… 157

Speaking and Writing Strategies for the TOEFL iBT - v

SPEAKING TASKS

SPEAKING TASK ONE …………………………………….………………………. 159

Independent Task: Single-Question Prompt ……………………………………….. 159

OPDUL=C …………………………………………………………………………………. 161

Delivery ….………………………………………………………………………………… 161

Speaking Subjectively………………………………………………………………….. 162

Basic Response …………………………………………………………………………. 162

1. Basic Response : Step-by-Step …………………………………………………….. 162

Rating Yourself…………………………………………………………………………… 166

Rating in a Class………………………………………………………………………… 167

How Long Should My Response Be?………………………………………………… 167

2. Basic Response : Step-by-Step .……………………………………………………. 168

3. Basic Response : Step-by-Step …………………………………………………….. 172

Four Common Problems ………………………………………………………………. 174

Help! - My Response is Too Long! ……………………………………………………. 177

Help! - My Response is Too Short! ….…..…………………………………………… 178

Advanced Strategies ……………………………………………………………………. 180

Advanced Introduction Strategies …………………………………………………… 182

Predictor Thesis…….…………………………………………………………………….184

The Rhetorical Why….…………………………………………………………………..187

Advanced Conclusion Strategies…………………………………………………….. 188

Advanced Responses ……………………………………………… …………………. 192

Emergency Response …………………………………………………………………. 197

Contrarian Response ……………………………………………………………….… 198

Speaking Practice……………………………………………………………………….. 199

What Have You Learned? ……………………………………………………………… 200

SPEAKING TASK TWO .…………………….…………………………………….. 201

Independent Task: Paired-Choice Prompt ….………………………………………. 201

1. Agree-Disagree Prompt : Step-by-Step …………………………………………….202

2. Agree-Disagree Prompt : Step-by-Step …………………………………………… 205

Support-Don’t Support Prompt: Step-by-Step ……………………………………. 207

Preference Prompt: Step-by-Step ……….……………………………………………. 209

Argument-Counter Argument : Step-by-Step …………………………………….… 210

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