Chess_Mistakes.pdf
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Contents
The Game of Mistakes
Tactical Errors
Mistakes with Pieces
17
42
72
Calculation and Miscalculation
Positional Errors
Strategic Errors
Your Attitnde Is Your Error
Practical Mistakes
Errors with Matelial
101
124
153
179
201
The Game
of
Mistakes
Chess is a game of bad moves. It is, in fact, the game that most
depends on error, No game has a greater variety of ways of going
wrong or gives you as many opportunities-dozens on every move.
Other games depend heavily on chance or on the mastery of
some relatively limited skills. But a chess game is decided by the
failings of one of the players.
Yet we refuse to recognize this. \Ve like to think the game is
a battle between good moves and better moves. vVhen we win,
we tell ourselves-and anyone who wlll listen-that the critical
diference was our ine maneuvering, our positional cunning, or
our tactical ingenuity. \Vhen we lose, weIl, it was a stupid mis
take-as if errors were an aberration, an extraordinary accident.
Mistakes can only be messy, ugly, and dislUptive, we say.
Regardless of our own success, we like to think a chess game
should be won, not lost. (We thereby ignore that most vital skill,
the ability to e'Ploit enemy mistakes.) vVe try to elevate the
game to some level it can never achieve-at least not wl1i1e ifs
being played by humans.
The masters know better. They know that a well-played game
is not an error-free game. There are errors of varying magnitudes,
and each game is sure to hold some smaIl mistakes. «Chess is the
struggle against error," said Johannes Zukertort, one of the great
est players of the last century. Victory belongs to the player who
struggles best-not just against an opponent, but against himself.
And the fact is that most games, even at the grandmaster level,
Catalog of Chess Mistakes
2
are constant struggles. Look at the 1972 world championship
match, the most talked-about chess contest ever. What were the
memorable moves when Fischer met Spassky?
The ones that stand out include: . Fischer's strange loss of a
piece in the irst game; Spassky's double-barreled oversight in
the eighth game, losing the Exchange on the 15th move and a
pawn on the 19th move; the Russian's sloppy opening and long
defense in the 13th game, which ended with suicidal collapse
on the 69th move; Spas sky's careless oversight in the following
game. Suice it to say that the match ended with a mistake,
Spassky's erroneous sealed move in the inal game. 1vlistnkes
were
the match.
Unique? Hardly. There were more good moves than bad ones
in the 1972 match, but the bad ones counted more. The same can
be said of the 1978 world championship match and most other
contests that come to mind.
What Is a Mistake?
"Where did
I
make my mistake?" asked the loser, an Australian
master.
"I
didn't know what to say)" said the winner, a Russian
grandmaster. There wasn't one move you could pin the blame on.
Yet by the
14th
move ""hite was already in grave trouble.
Hanks-Kotov, Melboume
1963-1. P-Q4 P-Q3 2. P-K4 P-KN3
3. N-QB3 B-N2 4. B-K2 N-QB3 5. B-K3 N-B3 6. P-Q5 N-QN1
7. N-B3 P-B4 8. P-KR3
0-0
9. N-Q2 N-Kl
10.
00 N-B2 11.
P-QR4 QN-R3 12. P-B4 N-N5 13. N-B4 P-B4! 14. P-K5 P-N3!
15. B-B3 B-QR3 16. P-QN3 BxN 17. PxB PxP 18. PxP BxP 19.
R-R3 N-Kl! 20. P-Q6 NxP! 21. BxR QxB 22. Q-K2 BxN 23. RxB
N-K5 24. B-Q2 P-K4! 25. B-R6 NxR 26. QxP N-K7ch 27. K-B2
R-B2 28. QxN Q-K5
and
Black
won.
The Game of Mistakes
3
14
..
.
.
P-N3
Position after
Wbite didn't have to throw himself on a sword with 25.B-R6?!,
but he would have been quite lost after
5.
R-QN3 NxP and 26 .
. . . N-Q5.The search for a "losing move" must begin earlier.
White lost because of several almost miniscule failings. He
compromised his center early (6.P-Q5?!) and then lost ime
(8.
P-KR3? rather than
8.
N-Q2!). He had to make furher conces
sions (11. P-QR4?!-to avoid ... P-QN4 when he plays N-B4)
and then gave away the last hope of supporting his center (12.
P-B4?).By the 15th move be saw he was losing his QP or KP, and
evelything followed from that.
None of these moves seems fatal.Yet added up, they destroyed
White before the second cup of cofee. Nor was Black free from
error. With 7 .... P-B3! he could have begun the attack on the
White center even earlier.
We can recognize the truly bad moves when they are pun
ished qUickly.It is the other
98
percent of a chess game that leaves
uS confused.
A
typical move has good and bad qualities. On the Simplest
level, a move-any move-attacks and protects certain squares
while withdrawing contact from others.
A
move may strengthen
our pawn structure, expand the scope of our bishops, and make
a
major threat, all at once. But whether the move is good or bad
depends on an evaluation of its minuses as well as its pluses.That
same move may walk into
a tactical
pin. It may remove a piece
from a theater subject to imminent attack. It may reduce tension
when you want to heighten it. Or its biggest fault may simply be
that there is a superior move available.
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