vocab teaching.pdf

Teaching Vocabulary

Paul Nation

Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand

Biography:

Paul Nation teaches in the School of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies at Victoria

University of Wellington, New Zealand. He has taught in Indonesia, Thailand, the United

States, Finland, and Japan. His specialist interests are language teaching methodology and

vocabulary learning.

Introduction:

Deliberately teaching vocabulary is one of the least efficient ways of developing

learners= vocabulary knowledge but nonetheless it is an important part of a well-balanced

vocabulary programme.

The main problem with vocabulary teaching is that only a few words and a small

part of what is required to know a word can be dealt with at any one time. This limitation

also applies to incidental learning from listening or reading, but it is much easier to arrange

for large amounts of independent listening and reading than it is to arrange for large

amounts of teaching. Teaching can effectively deal with only a small amount of

information about a word at a time. The more complex the information is, the more likely

the learners are to misinterpret it.

Table 1: Ways of quickly giving attention to words

Quickly give the meaning by (a) using an L1 translation, (b) using a known L2

synonym or a simple definition in the L2, (c) showing an object or picture, (d) giving

quick demonstration, (e) drawing a simple picture or diagram, (f) breaking the word

into parts and giving the meaning of the parts and the whole word (the word part

strategy), (g) giving several example sentences with the word in context to show the

meaning, (h) commenting on the underlying meaning of the word and other

referents.

Draw attention to the form of the word by (a) showing how the spelling of the word is

like the spelling of known words, (b) giving the stress pattern of the word and its

pronunciation, (c) showing the prefix, stem and suffix that make up the word, (d)

getting the learners to repeat the pronunciation of the word, (e) writing the word on

the board, (f) pointing out any spelling irregularity in the word.

Draw attention to the use of the word by (a) quickly showing the grammatical pattern

the word fits into (countable/uncountable, transitive/intransitive, etc), (b) giving a

few similar collocates, (c) mentioning any restrictions on the use of the word (formal,

colloquial, impolite, only used in the United States, only used with children, old

fashioned, technical, infrequent), (d) giving a well known opposite, or a well known

word describing the group or lexical set it fits into.

Principles

Keep the teaching simple and clear. Don’t give complicated explanations.

Relate the present teaching to past knowledge by showing a pattern or analogies.

Use both oral and written presentation - write it on the blackboard as well as

explaining.

Give most attention to words that are already partly known.

Tell the learners if it is a high frequency word that is worth noting for future

attention.

Don’t bring in other unknown or poorly known related words like near synonyms,

opposites, or members of the same lexical set.

We need to see learning any particular word as being a cumulative process where

knowledge is built up over a series of varied meetings with the word. At best, teaching can

provide only one or two of these meetings. The others involve deliberate study, meeting

through meaning-focused input and output, and fluency development activities.

The positive effects of vocabulary teaching are that it can provide help when

learners feel it is most needed. This is particularly true for vocabulary teaching that occurs

in the context of message-focused activities involving listening, speaking, reading and

writing, and where the teaching deals with items that learners see as being very relevant for

the activity. Table 1 lists ways of quickly dealing with words. The small amount of

research on such teaching indicates that it has a strong effect on vocabulary learning.

The first decision to make when teaching a word is to decide whether the word is

worth spending time on or not. If the word is a low frequency word and is not a useful

technical word and not one that is particularly useful for the learners, it should be dealt with

as quickly as possible. Usually when words come up in the context of a reading or listening

text, or of learners need a word or phrase when speaking or writing, they need quick help

which does not interrupt the activity too much.

Sometimes however a teacher may want to spend time on a word. In general, time

should be spent on high frequency words or words that fill a language need that the learners

have. When deciding how to spend time on a word, it is useful to consider the learning

burden of the word.

What is involved in knowing a word?

Part of effective vocabulary teaching involves working out what needs to be taught about a

word. This is called the learning burden of a word and differs from word to word according

to the ways in which the word relates to first language knowledge and already existing

knowledge of the second language and or other known languages.

Table 2 Discovering learning burden

Meaning

Form and meaning

Concept and referents

Associations

Is the word a loan word in the L1?

Is there an L1 word with roughly the same

meaning?

Does the word fit into the same sets as an L1 word

of similar meaning?

Form

Spoken form

Written form

Word parts

Can the learners repeat the word accurately if they

hear it?

Can the learners write the word correctly if they

hear it?

Can the learners identify known affixes in the

word?

Use

Grammatical functions

Collocation

Constraints on use

Does the word fit into predictable grammar

patterns?

Does the word have the same collocations as an L1

word of similar meaning?

Does the word have the same restrictions on its use

as an L1 word of similar meaning?

The way to work out the learning burden systematically is to consider each aspect

of what is involved in knowing a word. Table 2 lists the kinds of questions that can be

asked to discover the learning burden of a word. When asking the questions it is necessary

to have a particular L1 in mind. If the teacher has a class of learners with a variety of L1s or

if the teacher has no knowledge of the learners= L1 then the best that can be done is to think

if the word fits into regular patterns in the L2. For example, is it regularly spelled? Does it

fit into the same grammatical patterns as other L2 words of similar meaning? Does it have

a narrow range of senses with a clear underlying core meaning?

Table 3 Useful vocabulary learning exercises that require little or no preparation

Word meaning

Find the core meaning. The learners look at dictionary entries and find the shared

meaning in the various senses of the word.

Word card testing

The learners work in pairs. Each learner gives their pack of cards to

their partner who tests them on their recall of the meaning by saying

the word and getting them to give the translation. This can also be

done by giving the translation and getting them to give the word form.

Using the dictionary: When a useful word occurs in a reading text, the teacher trains

learners in the strategy of using a dictionary.

Guessing from context. Whenever a guessable word occurs in a reading text the

teacher trains the learners in the guessing from context strategy.

Word form

Spelling dictation

The teacher writes words on the board and the learners

pronounce them getting feedback from the teacher. Each learner picks

what word to say.

Word parts

The teacher writes words on the board and the learners cut

them into parts and give the meanings of the parts.

Word use

Suggest collocates The learners work together in pairs or small groups to list collocates

for a given word.

A learner reports on a word he or she has found in their reading. They

talk about the meaning, spelling, pronunciation, word parts,

etymology, collocates and grammar of the word.

Choosing the words

As words come up in class, one learner (the class secretary) has the job of noting

them for future attention.

The teacher chooses words that have appeared in work in the last week or two.

Let us look at two examples to see how learning burden can be worked out. The

purpose of working out learning burden is to find what aspects will be difficult when

learning a particular word and thus where the teacher can give useful help.

Let us take the word friend as an example. We will look at it from the point of view

of a native speaker of Thai. Friend has a few pronunciation difficulties for a Thai, namely

the /r/ sound and the two consonant clusters /fr/ and /nd/, but they may not be so much of a

problem by the time this word is learned. The spelling of the word is not wholly predictable.

If the learners heard the word they would want to write it as frend , so the ie part needs some

attention ( ie representing /e/ is an irregular spelling in English). It does not have any

prefixes or suffixes, but it may be worth giving attention to friendly . Friend is not a loan

word in Thai, so learning is needed here. Thai has a word that is roughly similar in meaning

to friend (puean). Thais however use other words for friend too, but this need not be a

concern at this point. Friend has the collocates good (a good friend), close (a close friend) ,

old (an old friend), family (He=s a friend of the family) . Friend is a regular countable noun.

It cannot be used as a verb. It has no restrictions on its use. That is, it is not a rude word or

a formal word, and is not restricted to a particular dialect of English. Thus we can see the

learning burden of friend lies largely in its spelling, the form-meaning connection (Thais

have to learn that friend means Apuean@), and in its collocations.

Pronunciation

The teacher says words or phrases and the learners write them.

Word detectives

The teacher chooses words that the learners need to know.

Table 4 Useful prepared exercises for vocabulary learning

Meaning

Word and meaning matching

Labelling

Sentence completion

Crossword puzzles

Semantic analysis

Completing lexical sets

Form

Following spelling rules

Recognising word parts

Building word family tables

Use

Sentence completion

Collocation matching

Collocation tables

Interpreting dictionary entries

Criteria

A good vocabulary exercise

1 focuses on useful words, preferably high frequency words that have already been met

before.

focuses on a useful aspect of learning burden. It has a useful learning goal.

gets learners to meet or use the word in ways that establish new mental connections

for the word. It sets up useful learning conditions involving generative use.

involves the learners in actively searching for and evaluating the target words in the

exercise.

does not bring related unknown or partly known words together. It avoids

interference.

Let us take the adjective free as a second example. The form aspects - sound,

spelling and word parts - do not need particular attention. Free is a loan word in Thai but

only has the meaning Adoes not need to be paid for@. Its most common meaning in

English however is Anot restricted, not tied down@ and this is probably best treated as a

different word. For this meaning, learning is needed and the teacher should give attention

to the various related uses of free drawing attention to their shared meaning - Are you free

at six o=clock? They were set free. Free speech. The free world. Free can also be a verb but

this use could be left until later. Free=s collocates include world, trade, time, and these

deserve some attention. So the learning burden of free lies largely in the area of meaning

with this reflected in the collocations.

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