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Advanced Batteries

Materials Science Aspects

Robert A. Huggins

Advanced Batteries

Materials Science Aspects

ABC

Robert A. Huggins

Department of Materials Science and Engineering

Stanford University

Stanford, CA 94305

rhuggins@stanford.edu

ISBN: 978-0-387-76423-8

e-ISBN: 978-0-387-76424-5

DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-76424-5

Library of Congress Control Number: 2008930484

c ° Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009

permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York,

NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in

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or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden.

The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are

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to proprietary rights

Printed on acid-free paper

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Preface

1 Introduction

Energy is important to all of us, for a variety of reasons, but primarily because it

can be useful. It can be found in a number of different forms. One readily recog-

nizes the concepts of potential energy and kinetic energy, as well as the chemical

energy in fuels, thermal energy as heat, the kinetic energy in wind and moving wa-

ter, and magnetic and electrical energy in a variety of guises. But energy is often

present in one form, whereas we want to use it in another form. This requires some

kind of conversion mechanism or transducer device. Furthermore, energy may be

available in amounts and at times and places that are different from those when

and where we want to utilize it. Thus, methods to store and transport energy from

place to place can be of great importance.This text has to do with the storage of

energy, and there are a number of different ways in which this can be done. The

title indicates that it is about electrochemical energy storage. This may appear to

be misleading, for there is actually no such thing as electrochemical energy. What

it actually means is that we shall deal with the general topic of the use of electro-

chemical means to convert between two different types of energy: electrical energy

and chemical energy. This involves the use of electrochemical devices that act as

transducers , for they convert between electrical and chemical quantities – energies,

potentials, and ﬂuxes. Such electrochemical transduction systems are often called

galvanic cells , or in more common parlance, batteries . Electrical energy can be

stored in electric or magnetic ﬁelds; mechanical energy can be stored in devices

such as ﬂywheels, and thermal energy can be stored in the form of heat. But the

magnitudes of these forms of energy are all relatively small and the methods for

their conversion into other forms are relatively unwieldy. Much larger amounts of

energy can be present in the form of chemical species. This can be relatively at-

tractive, for it can be relatively inexpensive and efﬁcient in terms of the amount

of energy stored per unit volume or weight. Thus, storage in chemical form is of-

ten a useful intermediate stage, holding energy for later use in other forms, such

as electrical, heat, light, or mechanical energy. Chemical reactions can be used to

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