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Turkishgrammar
DavidPierce
2005.05.02
Contents
0Preliminaries 1
0.0Introduction............................ 1
0.1Alphabet.............................. 2
0.2Sounds............................... 3
0.3Writing.............................. 4
1Partsofspeech 5
1.0Words............................... 5
1.1Nouns............................... 6
1.2Adjectives............................. 8
1.3Numerals............................. 9
1.4Pronouns............................. 9
1.5Adverbs..............................10
1.6Particles,conjunctionsandpostpositions............11
1.7Verbs................................11
1.7.1Stems...........................13
1.7.2Bases............................15
2Glossary 18
0Preliminaries
0.0Introduction
AsastudentofTurkish,Imakethesenotesinane
orttounderstandthe
logicoftheTurkishlanguage.Thisisnottheaccountofanexpert;asshould
bequiteclear,thisisnotanythinglikeacompleteexpositionofTurkish
grammar.Theinformationhereismostlyfromsecondarysources:Imainly
2005.05.02,DavidPierce 2
useLewis’sTurkishGrammar[1],buthavealsoconsulted[2].Ihavemade
someuseofprimarysources,namely,Turkishspeechandwritingasthey
appearinthecourseofmylifeinTurkey.
Ishallproposesometechnicaltermsthataredi
erentfromLewis’s.
Sincemyaccountiswritten,itwillusetheTurkishalphabet;therefore
myaccountillustratefeatureslikevowel-harmonythatarere
ectedin
spelling.
0.1Alphabet
LikeEnglish,modernTurkish(since1928)usesanalphabetderivedfromthe
23-letterLatinalphabet
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,K,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,S,T,V,X,Y,Z.
Englishgets3morelettersbyintroducing:
thevariantJofI,and
thevariantsUandW(double-U)ofV.
Theletter-formsgivenabovearecalleduppercase,todistinguishthem
fromthelowercase(a,b,candsoon).
The29-letterTurkishalphabetcanbederivedfromthe26-letterEnglish
oneby:
eliminatingQ,XandW;
derivingfromC,G,O,SandUthelettersC
,
G,
O,S
and
Urespectively,
byadjoiningcedilla,breveorumlaut;
replacingIwithtwoletters,Iand
_
I(distinguishedinbothupperand
lowercasebywhetheradotispresent:thelower-caseformsarethere-
fore
andirespectively).
Theletter
Giscalledyumu
sakge(softG),anditneverbeginsaword.The
lettersthatare‘new’withrespecttotheEnglishalphabetcanbeunderstood
asderivedfromtheoldlettersbymeansofdiacriticalmarks.However,these
marksbecomeintegralpartsofthenewletters.Itisnottheshapeofthe
mark,butitspresenceatthetoporbottomoftheletterthatisusedto
distinguishtheletterfromits‘twin’.Forexample,oneTurkishdairystyles
itselfS
utas
.
(theyuseadotinsteadofacedillaunderthes),andthereisa
buscompanycalledUluda
g(takingtheirnamefromthemountainatBursa,
2005.05.02,DavidPierce 3
the
rstcapitaloftheOttomanEmpire;theyuseagraveaccentratherthan
abreveovertheg).
Inthealphabeticalorder,Iprecedes
_
I,andtheothernewlettersfollow
their‘twins’.HencetheTurkishalphabetis
A,B,C,C
,D,E,F,G,
G,H,I,
_
I,J,K,L,
M,N,O,
O,P,R,S,S
,T,U,
U,V,Y,Z.
Becauseofthedistinctionbetweentheletters
andiinTurkish,neither
oftheseshouldbejoinedinaligaturetoaprecedingf.InEnglish,the
otherwordforamovieis
lm:thewordisusuallyprintedthus,withthree
characters,namely
,iandm.ButfilmisalsoaTurkishword,andassuch
isprintedwithfourdistinctletters.(Also,forexample,filmeanselephant
orchess-bishop,whilef
nd
kmeanshazelnut.)
InTurkey,IhaveseenacapitalJwrittenwithadot.Butjisrarein
Turkishanyway,beingusedonlyinforeignwords.
0.2Sounds
Thenameofavowelisitself,andthenameofaconsonant(besides
G,
yumu
sakG)isitselfpluse.
Thenumberofvowelsiseight,thatis,2
3
,sinceeachvowelisdetermined
bythequalityitpossessesfromeachofthreepairs:thick/thin,
at/round
andnarrow/wide.TheseareliteraltranslationsoftheusualTurkishterms
(kal
n/ince,d
uz/yuvarlak,dar/geni
s),butcommonlyinEnglishthe
termsare:
back/front,
unround/round,
close/open.
Thevowelscanthenbetabulated:
open close
backfrontbackfront
unround a e
i
round o
o u
u
ThesoundofacanbespelledinEnglishbyuh;closethemouthmoreto
get
.The
oand
uareasinGerman;theirsoundsarefoundinFrenchas
well.
2005.05.02,DavidPierce 4
Furtherdistinctionsarepossible,mainlybecauseTurkishretainsborrow-
ingsfromArabicandPersian.Adi
erencefromthenormmightbeshown
byacircum
ex:sokarmeanssnow,butk^ar,soundingsomethinglikekyahr,
meanspro
t.
Theother21lettersareconsonants.Besidesthe‘semi-vowel’y,thecon-
sonantsmightbetabulated:
b/pv/f m
d/t j/
sc/
cn l
z/s
g/k
g/h r
Therowshereareintendedtocorrespondtopositionofthelipsandthe
tipofthetongue;thecolumns,tothe
owofbreathusedtopronouncethe
consonant.(Thisparticulartableismyowninventionthough,andisnot
theresultofcarefulphonologicalstudy.)Themembersofthepairs=are
voicedandunvoicedrespectively,orsoftandstronginTurkish(yumu
sak
andsert).Themaine
ectof
gistolengthentheprecedingvowel.(Soit
functionslikeghinEnglishinchanging
tinto
ght,althoughtheEnglish
longIisnotthesameastheTurkishlong
_
I.)Theletterjispronouncedas
inFrench.ThesoundofcisspelledinEnglishbyjordge;thesoundsof
c
and
s,bychandsh.
0.3Writing
AsinEnglish,writtenTurkishisdividedintosentences,andtheseinto
words.Somewordsareenclitic,beingunaccented,butcausingtheprevious
syllabletobeaccented.(SyllabicaccentsarenotverystronginTurkish
though.)Thevowelinanencliticmayalsochangeaccordingtothepreceding
vowel.Thissamevowelharmonyisshownbymanysu
xes.
Ishallindicatethevariabilityofvowelswiththefollowingsymbols:
@foranopenunroundvowel(aore);
#foraclosevowel(
,i,uor
u).
Ihavenotseensuchsymbolsusedelsewhereinthisway.(Perhapsusing
insteadof@wouldbemorelogical,butitsappearanceseemsmoreconfusing.)
Usedinacompleteword(orsentence),eachsymbolresolvestoavowelthat
agreesasfaraspossiblewiththeprecedingvowel.Inparticular,after@,the
onlypossibilitiesfor#aretheunroundvowels
andi.
Thevariabilityinconsonantswillnotbeindicated.However,whenit
beginsasu
xappendedtoawordendinginanunvoiced(thatis,strong)
2005.05.02,DavidPierce 5
consonant,theletterdisunvoiced(‘strengthened’)tot.Also,terminalk
changesto
gwhenasu
xbeginningwithavowelisadded.(Thesechanges
a
ectthesu
x-d#randthetermination-kmentionedbelow.Othersuch
changescanoccur,asbetweencand
c.)
Example.ThequestionAvrupa+l#+l@
s+d#r+@m@+d#k+l@r
+#m#z+d@nm#+s#n#z?resolvestoAvrupal
la
st
ramad
klar
m
z-
danm
s
n
z?meaningAreyouoneofthosewhomwecouldnotEuro-
peanize?
Thesymbol#mayresolvetozero(nothing)whenitbeginsasu
x
placedafteravowel;alternatively,aconsonantmaybeinterposed,n,sory,
dependingonthesituation.Sometimestheynarrowsthepreceding@to#.
1Partsofspeech
1.0Words
Noteverywordappearsinadictionary,evenifthewordiswell-formed;the
wordmaybein
ected(orotherwisederived)fromadictionary-wordac-
cordingtostandardrules.Otherwise,wemightsaythatthesamewordmay
beusedinmanyforms,onlyoneorafewofwhichappearinthedictionary.
Forexample,inEnglish,wecansaythatmanandmenaretwowords,or
elsethattheyaretwoformsofthesameword.In
ectedformsarefewin
English;inTurkishtheyaremany.
WordsinaTurkishdictionarycanbeassignedtosomeofthesameparts
ofspeechasEnglishwords:noun,pronoun,adjective,numeral,verb,
adverbandconjunction.Insteadofprepositions,butful
llingsomeofthe
samefunctions,Turkishhaspostpositions.Somegrammaticalfunctions
areservedbyparticles.
SomeTurkishwordsusedinexampleslikethefollowingarede
nedina
glossarybelow(inx2):
Example.Thepostpositiongibicorrespondstotheprepositionlike.So,
buzgibimeanslikeice,thatis,icecold.(ItisasloganonsignsinTurkey
advertisingacertainAmericansoftdrinkthatismarketedallovertheworld.)
Thisreversaloforderinpassingfromtheonelanguagetotheotheroccurs
inotherways.ATurkishword(asintheearlierexample)mayhaveparts
which,inEnglish,wouldappearasseparatewordsintheoppositeorder.As
inEnglishthough,adjectivesgenerallyprecedethenounstheymodify.
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