Human Development Report_2010_EN_Complete_reprint.pdf

Human Development Report 2010

20th Anniversary Edition

The Real Wealth of Nations:

Pathways to Human Development

Published for the

United Nations

Development

Programme

(UNDP)

by the United Nations Development Programme

1 UN Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA

form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior permission.

ISBN: 9780230284456 90101

Second printing, November 2010

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For a list of any errors or omissions found subsequent to printing please visit our

website at http://hdr.undp.org

Human Development Report 2010 team

The UNDP Human Development Report Oice

The Human Development Report is the product of a collective efort under the guidance of the

Director, with research, statistics, communications and production staf, and a team supporting National

Human Development Reports. Operations and administration colleagues facilitate the work of the oice.

Director and lead author

Jeni Klugman

Research

Francisco Rodríguez (Head of Research), Hyung-Jin Choi, Beth Osborne Daponte, Ricardo Fuentes-Nieva,

Mamaye Gebretsadik, Zachary Gidwitz, Martin Heger, Difei Hu, Isabel Medalho Pereira, Emily Newman,

José Pineda, Emma Samman and Sarah Twigg

Statistics

Milorad Kovacevic (Head of Statistics), Astra Bonini, Liliana Carvajal, Amie Gaye, Melissa Hernandez,

Shreyasi Jha, Alison Kennedy (Head of Statistics until June 2010) and Andrew Thornton

National HDRs support

Eva Jespersen (Deputy Director), Mary Ann Mwangi, Paola Pagliani and Timothy Scott

Communications and production

William Orme (Head of Communications), Carlotta Aiello, Ekaterina Berman, Wynne Boelt, Jean-Yves Hamel

and Roy Laishley

Operations and administration

Sarantuya Mend (Operations Manager), Oscar Bernal, Fe Juarez-Shanahan and Myint Myint Than

Foreword

In 1990 UNDP published its irst Human Development Report, with its newly devised

Human Development Index. he premise of the HDI, considered radical at the time,

was elegantly simple: national development should be measured not simply by national

income, as had long been the practice, but also by life expectancy and literacy.

he new HDI had its shortcomings, as the Report’s authors forthrightly acknowledged,

including a reliance on national averages, which concealed skewed distribution, and the

absence of “a quantitative measure of human freedom.” Yet it successfully advanced the

Report’s central thesis, stated succinctly in its irst sentence: “People are the real wealth of

a nation.”

Twenty years later the conceptual brilliance and continuing relevance of that original human

development paradigm are indisputable. It is now almost universally accepted that a coun-

try’s success or an individual’s well-being cannot be evaluated by money alone. Income is of

course crucial: without resources, any progress is diicult. Yet we must also gauge whether

people can lead long and healthy lives, whether they have the opportunity to be educated and

whether they are free to use their knowledge and talents to shape their own destinies.

hat was the original vision and remains the great achievement of the creators of the

Human Development Reports, Mahbub ul-Haq of Pakistan and his close friend and col-

laborator, Amartya Sen of India, working with other leading development thinkers. heir

concept has guided not just 20 years of global Human Development Reports, but more

than 600 National Human Development Reports—all researched, written and published

in their respective countries—as well as the many provocative regionally focused reports

supported by UNDP’s regional bureaus.

Perhaps most important, the human development approach has profoundly afected an

entire generation of policy-makers and development specialists around the world—includ-

ing thousands within UNDP itself and elsewhere in the UN system.

his 20th anniversary milestone presents an opportunity to review human development

achievements and challenges systematically at both the global and national levels—a task

not attempted since the irst Report—and to analyse their implications for policy and

future research.

On one crucial point the evidence is compelling and clear: there is much that countries

can do to improve the quality of people’s lives even under adverse circumstances. Many

countries have made great gains in health and education despite only modest growth in

income, while some countries with strong economic performance over the decades have

failed to make similarly impressive progress in life expectancy, schooling and overall liv-

ing standards. Improvements are never automatic—they require political will, courageous

leadership and the continuing commitment of the international community.

iv Human Development RepoRt 2010

Data from the past 40 years also reveal an enormous diversity of pathways to human devel-

opment achievement: there is no single model or uniform prescription for success.

his Report shows signiicant progress by most countries in most areas, with the poorest

countries oten showing the largest gains. While perhaps not a surprise to statisticians, it

was far from universally assumed four decades ago that most low-income nations would

make the strong strides forward that the record now shows in health, education and (to a

lesser extent) income.

Not all the trends are positive, as we know too well. Sadly, several countries have moved

backwards in absolute HDI achievement since the 1990 Report. hese countries ofer les-

sons on the devastating impact of conlict, the AIDS epidemic and economic and political

mismanagement. Most sufered from more than one if not all these factors.

I especially welcome the continuation of the Human Development Report tradition of

measurement innovation. hree new measures—capturing multidimensional inequal-

ity, gender disparities and extreme deprivation—are introduced in this year’s Report. he

Inequality-adjusted HDI, Gender Inequality Index and Multidimensional Poverty Index,

building on innovations in the ield and advances in theory and data, are applied to most

countries in the world and provide important new insights.

hese new measurement tools reinforce the continuing validity of the original human

development vision. Going forward, future Reports will have to grapple with even more

diicult issues, including the increasingly critical area of sustainability, as well as inequal-

ity and broader notions of empowerment. Many of the analytical and statistical challenges

identiied in the original 1990 Report continue to confront us today.

UNDP can take appropriate pride in its backing of this intellectually independent and

innovative Report for the past two decades, but Human Development Reports have never

been a UNDP product alone. he Reports rely heavily on knowledge and insights from

sister UN agencies, national governments and hundreds of scholars from around the

world, and we have always been grateful for that collaboration. As this year’s 20th anni-

versary edition persuasively demonstrates, we can and should continue to be guided by

the Human Development Report’s values and indings for the next 20 years—and beyond.

Helen Clark

Administrator

United Nations Development Programme

The analysis and policy recommendations of this Report do not necessarily relect the views of the United Nations Development

Programme or its Executive Board. The Report is an independent publication commissioned by UNDP. The research and writing

of the Report was a collaborative efort by the Human Development Report team and a group of eminent advisors led by

Jeni Klugman, Director of the Human Development Report Oice.

Human Development RepoRt 2010

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