Sanskrit_-_lesson02.pdf

(209 KB) Pobierz
No Title
In this lesson, we formally introduce the verb As­ (to be).
As­ denotes existence in all its variants.
Sanskrit is unique in that three forms exist for
each noun. They are singlular, plural and dual.
The third form dual is to beused when refering
to two persons at a time.
The Sanskrit names for these forms are
singular ekvcnm­
¦kavacanam
plural bh¤vcnm­
bahuvacanam
dual ¢¹vcnm­
dvivacanam
As in other languages, Sanskrit also distinguishes
sentences in first, second and third person. The
sanskrit terms for these are.
uäOm p¤âx:
- First Person
uttama puruºa©
mÒym p¤âx:
- Second Person
madhyama puruºa©
p#Tm p¤âx:
- Third Person
prathama puruºa©
Let us first look at some sentences.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
This section deals with the verb As­ .
Ah| AacayI: A¢Þm
I am a teacher
aha¨ ¡c¡rya© asmi
Ïv| ¢SÝy: A¢s You are a student
tva¨ ¹iºya© asi (Disciple)
ex: mharaj: A¢Þt
He is an emperor
¦¹a© mah¡r¡ja© asti
exa mharaåO£ A¢Þt
She is a queen.
¦º¡ mah¡r¡j±¢ asti
Note that Sanskrit does not use the definite or
indefinite article. The translator has to introduce
the article as required.
p¤Þtk| AæO A¢Þt
The book is here
pustaka¨ atra asti
m¢Ódr| tæO A¢Þt
The temple is there
mandira¨ tatra asti
Let us now look at some expressions involving
¢¹vcn| or the dual form.
Aava| vWï¬ Þv:
We (two) are doctors
¡v¡m vaidyau sva©
y¤va| B³¬ ÞT:
You (two) are devotees
yuv¡m bhaktau stha©
et¬ sEvk¬ Þt:
They (two) are servants
¦tau s¦vakau sta© (servant-masculine)
etE sE¢vkE Þt:
They (two) are maids
¦t¦ s¦vik¦ sta©
(maid - feminine)
PlE AæO Þt:
Two fruits are here
phal¦ atra sta©
pîE tæO Þt:
Two lotuses are there
padam¦ tatra sta©
Expressions involving the plural form.
vy| calka: Þm:
We (all) are drivers
vaya¨ c¡lak¡ha sma©
y¥y| packa: ÞT
you (all) are cooks
y£ya¨ p¡cak¡ha stha
etE y¤vka: s¢Ót
They (all) are young lads
¦t¦ yuvak¡ha santi
eta: y¤vty: s¢Ót
They (all) are young women
¦t¡ha yuvataya© santi
vna¢n AæO s¢Ót
Forests are here
van¡ni atra santi
paæOa¢N tæO s¢Ót
Vessels are there
p¡tr¡²i tatra santi
--------------------------------------------------------------------
In this section, the verb As­ is used as A¢Þt to denote
possession (in the sense of have)
mm p¤æO: A¢Þt I have a son or
mama putra© asti My son is here
mm p¤æO¬ Þt:
I have (two) sons or
mama putrau sta© My (two) sons (are) here
mm p¤æOa: s¢Ót
I have (more than 2) sons
mama putr¡ha santi or My sons (more than 2)
are here
The above sentences can be translated in two ways
since Sanskrit does not have the definite article.
Also the same verb As­ is usd in two different ways
to mean "is" and "have".
The correct meaning will have to be understood from the
context. Though this may appear a bit confusing, the
student will be able to make the distinction with some
practice.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Lesson-2 Section-3
The table given below summarizes the use of
the verb As­ in different forms.
Conjugation of the verb As­
Singular
Dual
Plural
Ist person
A¢Þm
Þv:
Þm:
IInd person
A¢s
ÞT:
ÞT
IIIrd person
A¢Þt
Þt:
s¢Ót
In Sanskrit, the verb will have to conform to the Person
and Number.
The table below gives examples of the three noun forms
(in the nominative) of the nouns p¤æO: , sE¢vka and Plm­
Singular
Dual
Plural
Masculine
p¤æO:
p¤æO¬
p¤æOa:
Feminine
sE¢vka
sE¢vkE
sE¢vka:
Neuter
Plm­
PlE
Pla¢n
Each noun, will have to be remebered with respect
to its three forms, i.e., singular, Dual and Plural.
The personal pronouns also have three forms
Singular
Dual
Plural
I per.
Ah|
Aava|
vy|
I
We two
We
II per.
Ïv|
y¤va|
y¥y|
You
You two
You(many)
Please note that the personal pronouns in First and
second person have no gender.
The personal pronouns corresponding to the possessive
case are also given in the three forms. In the first
and second person they have no gender.
I per.
mm
AavyaE:
AÞmak|
my
our
our
II per.
tv
y¤vyaE:
y¤Ýmak|
your
your(two)
your
The Demonstrative pronouns have three forms too.
Singular
Dual
Plural
Mas. ex: et¬ etE
he these two these
s: t¬ tE
Fem. exa etE eta:
she these two these (many)
sa tE ta:
Neut. ett­ etE eta¢n
this these two these
tt­ tE ta¢n
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Exercises for lesson 2.
Exercise-1
Here are some examples of questions and answers
relating to this lesson.
Q.
¢k| ett­ tv p¤Þtk|
Is this your book ?
A.
Aa| ett­ mm p¤Þtk|
yes, it is my book.
Q.
¢k| ex: tv B#ata
Is he your brother ?
A.
n ex: mm B#ata na¢Þt
No, he is not my brother.
Now, try and answer the questions given below.
The answer may be in the affirmative or negative.
The type of answer required is also indicated.
1.
¢k| sa tv Þvsa
Aa| _______________________
2.
¢k| exa tv BayaI
n _______________________
3.
¢k| tt­ tv vahnm­
n _______________________
4. ¢k| ex: tv g¤â: Aa| ______________________
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Lesson-2
Exercise-2

Plik z chomika:

Inne pliki z tego folderu:

Inne foldery tego chomika:

Zgłoś jeśli naruszono regulamin