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Film & Digital Techniques for Zone System Photography
FILM & DIGITAL
TECHNIQUES FOR
ZONE SYSTEM
PHOTOGRAPHY
DR. GLENN RAND
AmherstMedia
®
PUBLISHER OF PHOTOGRAPHY BOOKS
Copyright © 2008 by Glenn Rand.
All photographs by the author unless otherwise noted.
Front cover photograph by Glenn Rand.
Back cover photograph by Christopher Broughton.
All rights reserved.
Published by:
Amherst Media, Inc.
P.O. Box 586
Buffalo, N.Y. 14226
Fax: 716-874-4508
www.AmherstMedia.com
Publisher: Craig Alesse
Senior Editor/Production Manager: Michelle Perkins
Assistant Editor: Barbara A. Lynch-Johnt
ISBN-13: 978-1-58428-227-3
Library of Congress Control Number: 2007942654
Printed in Korea.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, me-
chanical, photocopied, recorded or otherwise, without prior written consent from the publisher.
Notice of Disclaimer: The information contained in this book is based on the author’s experience and opinions. The
author and publisher will not be held liable for the use or misuse of the information in this book.
CONTENTS
About the Author
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
About the Contributors
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Zone VII (Highlight Detail) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Highlight Zones (Zones VIII, IX, and X) . . . . . .35
Zone VIII (Patterned Highlight) . . . . . . . . . .35
Zone IX (Near White) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
Zone X (White) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
INTRODUCTION
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
The Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
1. GETTING STARTED
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Variables and Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Controlling Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Aperture and Shutter Speed Calibration . . . . .10
Film Speed Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
4. ZONE PLACEMENT
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
The Law of Reciprocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
The Characteristic Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
The Paper Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
The Film Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Placing the Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Alternative Metering Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Dark-Tone Metering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Highlight Detail Metering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Average Value Metering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
2. UNDERSTANDING LIGHT
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Color and Tonality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
“Seeing” the Scene:
Human Vision vs. Photography . . . . . . . . . . .23
Qualities of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Reflected Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Specular vs. Diffuse Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Sweet Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
5. VISUALIZING THE SYSTEM
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
Flare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
Camera System Flare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
Scenic Flare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Tonal Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
Expansion/Compaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
3. THE ZONE SCALE
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Dark Zones (0, I, II) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
Zone 0 (Black) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
Zone I (Near Black) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Zone II (Patterned Darkness) . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Detail Zones (Zones III, IV, V, VI, and VII) . . .32
Zone III (Shadow Detail) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Zone IV (Dark Middle Gray) . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Zone V (Middle Gray) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Zone VI (Light Middle Gray) . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
6. DEVELOPMENT
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
The Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
The Film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
Plotting Film Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
Exactness of Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
CONTENTS
3
7. MAKING PHOTOGRAPHS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
Zone Control as an Overall Concept . . . . . . . . .69
Zone Control as a Tonal Separation Concept . . .72
Incident Metering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
Field Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
10. THE ZONE SYSTEM FOR
DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
Issues for Digital Photography in a
Zone System Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
Defining the Parts of a Digital Zone System . . .112
Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
Digital Zone Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115
Using the Digital System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
Post-Capture Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122
High Dynamic Range Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
8. IN-CAMERA CONTRAST CORRECTION
. . . . .79
Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
Dodging Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
Preexposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
Reciprocity Failure Compensation . . . . . . . . . . .87
Using Reciprocity Failure for Expansion . . . . . . .89
9. ADVANCED PRINTING TECHNIQUES
. . . . . . .93
Global Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
Development Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
Multi-Contrast Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
Local Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
Filter Dodging and Burning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
Flashing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
Bleaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
Intensifying/Toning Negatives . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
CONCLUSION
A Personal Approach to the Visual Language . .125
Index
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Dr. Glenn Rand has taught and administered in public
education, community colleges, and universities since
1996. Since 2001 he has taught in the graduate program
at Brooks Institute in Santa Barbara, CA, where he serves
as acting graduate program chairman. In conjunction
with these academic roles and consulting he has devel-
oped and reorganized several curricula for fine art pho-
tography, commercial photography, digital imaging, and
allied curricula. His teaching has included courses in
lighting, as well as commercial and fine art photography.
He received his bachelors degree and master of arts
from Purdue University. He earned a doctorate from the
University of Cincinnati, centering on the psychology of
educational spaces, and did post-doctoral research as a
visiting scholar at the University of Michigan. Since the
early 1980s, his extra-academic research has included
computer-based imaging.
As a consultant, Rand’s clients have included the Ford
Motor Company, Photo Marketing Association Inter-
national, the Ministry of Education of Finland, and many
other businesses and several colleges. As part of his con-
sulting for the Eastman Kodak Company, he traveled and
lectured on how to maximize Tmax films when they were
first released.
Black & white photographs by Glenn Rand are held
in the collections of thirty public museums in the United
States, Europe, and Japan and are widely exhibited. His
photographs have also been published in editorial, illus-
trative, and advertising functions.
He has published and lectured extensively about pho-
tography and digital imaging, covering topics ranging
from commercial aesthetics to the technical fine points
of lighting. He is the author of numerous books and con-
tributes regularly to various periodicals, such as
Range-
finder
magazine, of which he is a contributing editor.
ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS
CHRISTOPHER BROUGHTON—
Christopher Broughton
earned his BS and MS in professional photography from
Brooks Institute in Santa Barbara, CA, where he served
as Director of Laboratory Operations while completing
his Masters of Science degree. Prior to becoming a full-
time faculty member at the Brooks Institute in 1996,
Broughton also served as faculty for University of Pitts-
burgh’s “Semester at Sea” program. He has authored ar-
ticles in
Petersen’s Photographic, Outdoor Photographer,
PC Photo,
and
Studio Photography & Design Magazines,
and has been a featured lecturer for Hasselblad USA, and
Eastman Kodak. Broughton’s black & white photogra-
phy is exhibited and represented by Art Matters in Long
Beach, CA; Robin Fold of The Golden Orb, CA; The
Griffin Gallery in Venice Beach, CA; and the Silver Light
Gallery in Carmel, CA.
known photographers, such as John Sexton, through
short courses and workshops. David works in Sacra-
mento, CA, where he exhibits and has his work pub-
lished. While transitioning to digital photography,
David’s photographic experiences are heavily weighted
with his black & white photography.
ROBERT SMITH —
Robert Smith (BA, MS) is a long-time
faculty member at Brooks Institute in Santa Barbara, CA,
who taught full time for more than twenty years and re-
mains a part-time faculty member. Before coming to
Brooks, Smith’s career included celebrity portraiture and
advertising photography. His personal work seeks to cap-
ture the play of light and design on the natural landscape,
and in the unexpected abstraction found in abandoned,
man-made objects. His photographs are included in pri-
vate, corporate, and museum collections, and exhibited in
many one-man and group exhibitions.
DAVID RUDERMAN—
David Ruderman has been making
photographs for many years and has studied with well-
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
5
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