bigforth-english.pdf

bigFORTH+MINO

Documentation

contains AndsoForth...

BerndPaysanJ.L.Bezemer (AndsoForth...)

c 1991–2003byBerndPaysan

Copyleft—allrightsreversed

Dokumentation

Introduction III

Introduction

1.“RealProgrammersdon’tReadManuals”

W ell,itshouldbemore“RealProgrammersdon’tWriteManuals”,astherehave

beensomecomplaintsthatthefreeversionofbigFORTHdoesn’tcontainafree

manual—theonlyavailablemanualsofarwastheGermanmanualforthe

commercialversion.SincebigFORTHisahighlycomplexsystem,amanualisnecessary.

However,togetstarted,youcouldaswelljuststartbigFORTHandplayaroundwithit.

Ifyouthenstillhavequestions,thelectureofthismanualshouldclairifytheissues.

Notehoweverthatthisisstillworkinprocessandthemanualisneithercompletenor

accurate.Ifyoufeelabletocontribute,doso!

Weproposetoreadthedocumentationpartcompletelyandtrytheexamples.Ifthere

arequestionsleft,youcanuseindexandreferenceparttolearnmore.

Thismanualassumesthatyoucanuseyouroperatingsystem.Theﬁnalversionofthe

manualshouldcontainarealForthcourseanditshouldbepossibletoreplaceaForth

introductionwithit;howeverthisisfarfromcompletenow.

2.History

bigFORTHbasesona32bitportofthevolksFORTH-83authors.volksFORTH-83is

apublicdomainsystemthatisavailableforAtariST,IBMPCandC64(therecalled

UltraForth).It’sa16bitimplementationwiththecorrespondinglimitationslikea64

KBytelargeaddressspace.volksFORTHbasestosomeextentsonthePerry/Laxen-F83

fromtheForthInterestGroup.

ThevolksFORTHauthorsstartedattheendof1987toportthesystemto32bits,and

convertthecompilersothatitcreatesreal68kmachinecode.Tosomeengagedvolks-

FORTHuserstheygaverunningprototypes.ThesystemthenwascalledturboFORTH

andshouldhavebeendistributedcommercially,buttheprojectalmostdied.

However,oneoftheseengagedvolksFORTHuserscontinueddevelopmentandaftertwo

yearsofdevelopment,bigFORTH1.0fortheAtariSTwasreleasedinsummer1990.

In1992,attheGermanForth-Tagung,EwaldRiegerandFriedlAmendaskedme

fora386versionofbigFORTH,andEwaldRiegersponsoredthePC.1995,thisversion

(bigFORTH-DOS1.20)wasreleased,togetherwiththelastAtariSTversion.TheDOS

versioncontainedaobjectorientedwidgettoolkitwhichusedVGAtextmodetodisplay.

Tocontinuedevelopmentofthe386version,EwaldRiegersponsoredanotherPC,with

thegoaltohavebigFORTHrunonOS/2,WindowsNT,orLinux.Iﬁrststartedporting

toOS/2,andafterLinuxgotsharedlibraries,IportedovertoLinux.

Inaugust1996,afterﬁnishingmydiplomathesis,IstartedonMINO,thegraphical

userinterfaceforbigFORTH,asequeltothetextmodeUIofbigFORTH-DOS.Onthe

Forth-Tagung1997,Ipresentedtheﬁrstresultsandsoonafterwardsputademoonmy

homepage.Laterin1997,thelicensehasbeendecided,it’sGPL(seepage 247 ).

IVIntroduction

bigFORTH

3.ReturningThanks

IwanttothankthevolksFORTHauthorsDietrichWeineck,GeorgRehfeld

andKlausSchleisiek,sincewithouttheirworkandwithouttheirvolksFORTHbig-

FORTHwoudn’texist.EspeciallyI’dliketothankBerndPennemannhere,forhis

supportclearedallopenquestions(includingthoseofcopyright),andwhosrecommenda-

tionsallowedtocompletethesystem.Furthermorehesuggested(amongalistofother

suggestions)thename.

FurtherspecialthankstoEwaldRieger,whosupportedthedevelopmentoverthe

time,andmanythankstothetestersfortheirbugreportsandsuggestions.Thanksalso

toNikolausHeuslerwholecturedtheoriginalmanual.

I’dalsoliketothankCharlesH.Moore,forhiswonderfulForth,DonaldE.

Knuth,forhisT E X,LinusTorvaldsforLinux,andRichardM.Stallmanforthe

GNUpubliclicenseandtheGNUtoolshestartedtodevelop.

4.TargetMarket

Forthhastraditinallybeenmuchmoreapublicdomainlanguage,that—unlike

COBOL,Fortran,CorADA—wasn’tsupportedbyneithertheindustrynorthemilitary,

and—unlikePascalresp.ModulaII—alsowasn’tdevelopedonuniversities.Forth’s

developmentliesmostlyinthehandofengagedsmallcompaniesorusers,whohavesome

dicultiestomatchoeringsofotherlanguages.

bigFORTHshouldﬁllthisgapandprovideamoderndevelopmentenvironment,that

doesn’tcapitulatefromlargeproblemsandcreatecodethatisinspeedcompetitiveto

otherhighlevellanguages.

5.Copyleft

bigFORTHiscopyrightedbyBerndPaysan,andavailableunderGPL.Themanual

hereisalsoavailableunderGPL,withexcemptoftheGPLtextincludedhere,whichmay

notbemodiﬁed.

M¨unchen,inDecember1999

BerndPaysan

Dokumentation

Contents V

Contents

Introduction III

1. “RealProgrammersdon’tReadManuals” ..................III

2.History ......................................III

3.ReturningThanks ................................IV

4.TargetMarket ..................................IV

5.Copyleft .....................................IV

Contents

1Installation 1

1. InstallingonLinux ............................... 1

2. InstallationonWindows ............................ 1

3.EditorCommands ................................ 2

4.NotationvonBefehlen ............................. 2

5. Zahleneingaben ................................. 3

6.NotationvonSondertasten ........................... 4

2Tutorial 5

1. StartingtheSystem ............................... 5

2.EndofaSession ................................. 5

3.TheLineEditor ................................. 6

4.ErrorMessages ................................. 6

3AndsoForth... 7

1.Preface ...................................... 7

1.1. Copyright ................................ 7

1.2. Introduction ............................... 7

1.3. Aboutthisprimer ............................ 7

2. Forthfundamentals ............................... 8

2.1.Makingcalculationswithoutparenthesis ............... 8

2.2.Manipulatingthestack ......................... 9

2.3.Deepstackmanipulators ........................10

2.4. Passargumentstofunctions ......................11

2.5.Makingyourownwords ........................11

2.6. Addingcomment ............................12

2.7. Text-formatofForthsource ......................12

2.8.Displayingstringconstants .......................13

2.9.Declaringvariables ...........................13

2.10.Usingvariables .............................13

2.11.Built-invariables ............................13

2.12.Whatisacell? .............................14

2.13.Declaringandusingconstants .....................14

2.14.Built-inconstants ............................14

2.15.Usingbooleans .............................14

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