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Hurricanes
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Dangerous Weather
Hurricanes
Revised Edition
Michael Allaby
ILLUSTRATIONS by Richard Garratt
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For Ailsa
—M.A.
To my late wife, Jen, who gave me inspiration
and support for almost 30 years
—R.G.
Hurricanes, Revised Edition
Copyright © 2003, 1997 by Michael Allaby
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any
form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without
permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact:
Facts On File, Inc.
132 West 31st Street
New York NY 10001
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Allaby, Michael.
Hurricanes / Michael Allaby.—Rev. ed.
p. cm.—(Dangerous weather)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8160-4795-2
1. Hurricanes. I. Title.
QC944 .A44 2003
551.55¢2—dc21 2002013913
Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk
quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please
call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or
(800) 322-8755.
You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at
http://www.factsonfile.com
Text design by Erika K. Arroyo
Cover design by Nora Wertz
Illustrations by Richard Garratt
Printed in the United States of America
VB Hermitage 10 987654321
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
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Contents
Preface: What is a hurricane?
vii
Introduction
xi
WHY HURRICANES ARE TROPICAL
1
What happened when Mitch struck?
1
Convection
4
Lapse rates and stability
6
Where hurricanes happen
9
Intertropical convergence and the equatorial trough
11
Jet stream
16
Hurricane and storm tracks
16
Weather fronts
19
Global wind systems
22
AIR AND SEA
24
Ocean currents and sea-surface temperature
24
General circulation of the atmosphere
26
Trade winds and doldrums
33
George Hadley and Hadley cells
35
Potential temperature
36
Warming, convection, and low pressure
37
Adiabatic cooling and warming
41
Air pressure, highs, and lows
43
Storm clouds
46
How clouds are classified
47
Latent heat and dewpoint
50
Evaporation, condensation, and the formation of clouds
52
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INSIDE THE STORM
57
How a hurricane begins
57
Christoph Buys Ballot and his law
59
Vortices
64
The Coriolis effect
69
Conservation of angular momentum
71
What happens inside a hurricane
72
Why the wind blows
73
Wind force and Admiral Beaufort
78
HURRICANES, TYPHOONS, AND CYCLONES
80
Hurricanes in the United States and Caribbean
80
Hurricanes that reach Europe
89
Air masses and the weather they bring
93
Depressions and the jet stream
94
Asian typhoons and cyclones
96
Monsoon
99
Arctic and Antarctic hurricanes
104
WHAT A HURRICANE CAN DO
109
Hurricane damage
109
Kinetic energy and wind force
111
Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale
114
Daniel Bernoulli and how hurricanes can lift roofs
116
Storm surges
122
Historic hurricanes
130
LIVING WITH FIERCE STORMS
140
How hurricanes are named and tracked
140
How hurricane damage is predicted
147
Will global climate change bring more hurricanes?
152
El Niño
154
The solar spectrum
156
Protection and safety
161
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