Particle Physics and Inflationary Cosmology - Linde.pdf

(1993 KB) Pobierz
arXiv:hep-th/0503203 v1 26 Mar 2005
PARTICLE PHYSICS
AND INFLATIONARY COSMOLOGY 1
Andrei Linde
Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305-4060, USA
1 This is the LaTeX version of my book “Particle Physics and Inationary Cosmology” (Harwood, Chur,
Switzerland, 1990).
12796945.001.png
vi
Abstract
This is the LaTeX version of my book “Particle Physics and Inationary Cosmology”
(Harwood, Chur, Switzerland, 1990). I decided to put it to hep-th, to make it easily
available. Many things happened during the 15 years since the time when it was written.
In particular, we have learned a lot about the high temperature behavior in the electroweak
theory and about baryogenesis. A discovery of the acceleration of the universe has changed
the way we are thinking about the problem of the vacuum energy: Instead of trying to
explain why it is zero, we are trying to understand why it is anomalously small. Recent
cosmological observations have shown that the universe is at, or almost exactly at, and
conrmed many other predictions of inationary theory. Many new versions of this theory
have been developed, including hybrid ination and inationary models based on string
theory. There was a substantial progress in the theory of reheating of the universe after
ination, and in the theory of eternal ination.
It s clear, therefore, that some parts of the book should be updated, which I might
do sometimes in the future. I hope, however, that this book may be of some interest
even in its original form. I am using it in my lectures on inationary cosmology at
Stanford, supplementing it with the discussion of the subjects mentioned above. I would
suggest to read this book in parallel with the book by Liddle and Lyth “Cosmological
Ination and Large Scale Structure,” with the book by Mukhanov “Physical Foundations
of Cosmology,” which is to be published soon, and with my review article hep-th/0503195,
which contains a discussion of some (but certainly not all) of the recent developments in
inationary theory.
Contents
Preface to the Series
x
Introduction
xi
CHAPTER 1 Overview of Unied Theories of Elementary Particles and the Ina-
tionary Universe Scenario
1
1.1 The scalar eld and spontaneous symmetry breaking
1
1.2 Phase transitions in gauge theories
6
1.3 Hot universe theory
9
1.4 Some properties of the Friedmann models
13
1.5 Problems of the standard scenario
16
1.6 A sketch of the development of the inationary universe sce-
nario
25
1.7 The chaotic ination scenario
29
1.8 The self-reproducing universe
42
1.9 Summary
49
CHAPTER 2 Scalar Field, Eective Potential, and Spontaneous Symmetry Break-
ing
50
2.1 Classical and quantum scalar elds
50
2.2 Quantum corrections to the eective potential V(')
53
2.3 The 1/N expansion and the eective potential in the
' 4 /N theory
59
2.4 The eective potential and quantum gravitational eects
64
CHAPTER 3 Restoration of Symmetry at High Temperature
67
3.1 Phase transitions in the simplest models with spontaneous
symmetry breaking
67
3.2 Phase transitions in realistic theories of the weak, strong, and
electromagnetic interactions
72
3.3 Higher-order perturbation theory and the infrared
problem in the thermodynamics of gauge elds
74
CHAPTER 4 Phase Transitions in Cold Superdense Matter
78
4.1 Restoration of symmetry in theories with no neutral
currents
78
CONTENTS
viii
4.2 Enhancement of symmetry breaking and the
condensation of vector mesons in theories with
neutral currents
79
CHAPTER 5 Tunneling Theory and the Decay of a Metastable Phase in a First-
Order Phase Transition
82
5.1 General theory of the formation of bubbles of a new phase
82
5.2 The thin-wall approximation
86
5.3 Beyond the thin-wall approximation
90
CHAPTER 6 Phase Transitions in a Hot Universe
94
6.1 Phase transitions with symmetry breaking between the weak,
strong, and electromagnetic interactions
94
6.2 Domain walls, strings, and monopoles
99
CHAPTER 7 General Principles of Inationary Cosmology
108
7.1 Introduction
108
7.2 The inationary universe and de Sitter space
109
7.3 Quantum uctuations in the inationary universe
113
7.4 Tunneling in the inationary universe
120
7.5 Quantum uctuations and the generation of adiabatic density
perturbations
126
7.6 Are scale-free adiabatic perturbations su cient
to produce the observed large scale structure
of the universe?
136
7.7 Isothermal perturbations and adiabatic perturbations
with a nonat spectrum
139
7.8 Nonperturbative eects: strings, hedgehogs, walls,
bubbles, . . .
145
7.9 Reheating of the universe after ination
150
7.10 The origin of the baryon asymmetry of the universe
154
CHAPTER 8 The New Inationary Universe Scenario
160
8.1 Introduction. The old inationary universe scenario
160
8.2 The Coleman–Weinberg SU(5) theory and the new
inationary universe scenario (initial simplied version) 162
8.3 Renement of the new inationary universe scenario 165
8.4 Primordial ination in N = 1 supergravity 170
8.5 The Sha–Vilenkin model 171
8.6 The new inationary universe scenario: problems and prospects176
CHAPTER 9 The Chaotic Ination Scenario
179
9.1 Introduction. Basic features of the scenario.
The question of initial conditions
179
CONTENTS
ix
9.2 The simplest model based on the SU(5) theory
182
9.3 Chaotic ination in supergravity
184
9.4 The modied Starobinsky model and the combined
scenario
186
9.5 Ination in Kaluza–Klein and superstring theories
189
CHAPTER 10 Ination and Quantum Cosmology
195
10.1 The wave function of the universe
195
10.2 Quantum cosmology and the global structure of the
inationary universe
207
10.3 The self-reproducing inationary universe and quantum cos-
mology
213
10.4 The global structure of the inationary universe and the
problem of the general cosmological singularity
221
10.5 Ination and the Anthropic Principle
223
10.6 Quantum cosmology and the signature of space-time
232
10.7 The cosmological constant, the Anthropic Principle, and redu-
plication of the universe and life after ination
234
CONCLUSION
243
REFERENCES
245

Plik z chomika:

Inne pliki z tego folderu:

Inne foldery tego chomika:

Zgłoś jeśli naruszono regulamin