b-cytokine.pdf

Human Cytokines

TECHNICAL BULLETIN

Human Cytokine Quantitative PCR Expression Assays

Lark offers a panel of PE cytokine assays, including GM-CSF, that can be used to quantitate steady-state mRNA

levels from human RNA samples. These assays can be used in QPCR analyses as a panel, as different

combinations, or individually. Lark also offers an option of using the PE Cytokine Expression Plate I, which

includes 12 assays (IL1-

, IL1-

, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 p35, IL-12 p40, IL-15, IFN

, TNF

α)

per 96-

well plate with the human 18S rRNA as an endogenous control.

Cytokines and Their Roles

Cytokines have pleiotropic effects on many cell types and are often secreted molecules, although some membrane-

bound and extracellular matrix-bound forms exist. Cytokines are involved in both the immune and inflammatory

responses and effect the autocrine, paracrine, and juxtacrine pathways. Many of the receptors for these molecules

have been extensively studied, and they are known to transmit signals intracellularly that involve both signal

transduction and second messenger systems.

Cytokines are involved in a variety of disease states in man, including cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and other

inflammatory diseases, and parasitic infections. Due to their myriad functions in these diseases, cytokine

monitoring has taken a prominent role in clinical research.

In order to facilitate accurate quantitation of changes in cytokine expression, Lark Technologies offers Quantitative

PCR analysis of a number of distinct human cytokines. These cytokine assays can be used individually, in various

combinations, or as a group of twelve in the PE Cytokine Plate.

IL-

, IL-1

IL-4

Functions

•

Effects many cell types including B cells, T

cells, and monocytes

Functions

•

Many actions on a variety of cell types, such as

B cells, T cells, monocytes, endothelial cells,

and fibroblasts

Involved in the immune response

•

Involved in acute phase response, fever,

steroidogenesis and hypotension

Induces B cells to produce IgG4 and IgE

•

Modulates the inflammatory response

Produced by

Monocytes, tissue macrophages, Langerhans cells,

dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, NK

cells, large granular lymphocytes, osteoblasts,

vascular endothelium, smooth muscle, fibroblasts,

thymic epithelia, glia, keratinocytes, chondrocytes

Produced by

Mast cells, T cells, bone marrow, stromal cells,

basophils

IL-5

IL-2

Functions

•

Induces eosinophil proliferation

•

Proliferation and subsequent differentiation of T

cells, B cells, NK cells, lymphokine activated

killer cells, monocytes, macrophages, and

oligodendrocytes

Stimulates eosinophil functions

•

Chemoattractant for eosinophils

•

Activates eosinophil and B cell differentiation

Produced by

T cells, eosinophils, mast cells

Produced by

T cells

USA: 9441 West Sam Houston Parkway South, Suite 103, Houston, Texas 77099 Telephone: 1-800-288-3720

Europe: Radwinter Road, Saffron Walden , Essex, CB11 3HY, UK Telephone: +44 (0) 1799-503123

•

Functions

•

Human Cytokines

TECHNICAL BULLETIN

IL-8

IL-15

Chemoattractor and activator of neutrophils

•

Functions

•

Attractor of basophils and a lymphocytes

subpopulation

Similar to IL-2

•

Activates growth of T cells, NK cells and B cells

•

Involved in the inflammatory response

•

Chemoattractant for T cells

Induces angiogenesis

•

Autocrine growth factor for melanoma cells

Produced by

Epithelial cells and monocytes, periperal blood

mononuclear cells, placenta, skeletal muscle, kidney,

lung, liver, and heart

Produced by

Monocytes, lymphocytes, granulocytes, neutrophils,

eosinophils, T cells, NK cells, fibroblasts,

endothelial cells, bronchial epithelial cells,

keratinocytes, hepatocytes, astrocytes, chondrocytes

IFN

IL-10

Involved in the immune and inflammatory

responses

Functions

•

Necessary for TH1 T cell development

•

Inhibits cytokine synthesis in activated TH1 T

cells and monocytes, and NK cells

Activates monocytes

•

Involved in the response to intracellular parasites

•

Induces growth of B cells, thymocytes and mast

cells

Has antiviral and anti-tumor activities when in

conjunction with IFN

α/β

•

Induces B cells to produce IgA when in

conjunction with TGF

Produced by

T cells, NK cells

•

Down-regulates the immune response

Produced by

T cells, monocytes, B cells, tumor cells

TNF

Initiates the immune response

•

Kills tumor cells

•

Involved in the inflammatory response

•

IL-12p35, IL-12p40

Involved in the growth and development of

many cell types

Functions

•

Multiple effects on T cells and NK cells

•

Produced by

Activated lymphocyte, NK cells, astrocytes,

endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells

Induces growth and development of TH1 T

lymphocytes

•

Acts in immune response against intracellular

pathogens

•

Stimulates IFNg production in T cells and NK

cells

GM-CSF

Stimulates NK and ADCC activities

•

Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor

- not included in the PE Cytokine Plate

Involved in growth of peripheral blood

lymphocytes

Functions

•

Produced by

B lymphoblastoid cells, monocyte/macrophages, B

cells and dendritic cells

Enhances the proliferation, maturation and

function of hematopoietic cells

Chemokinetic for eosinophils and neutrophils

USA: 9441 West Sam Houston Parkway South, Suite 103, Houston, Texas 77099 Telephone: 1-800-288-3720

Europe: Radwinter Road, Saffron Walden , Essex, CB11 3HY, UK Telephone: +44 (0) 1799-503123

Functions

•

Functions

•

Functions

•

Human Cytokines

TECHNICAL BULLETIN

•

Enhances antibody-dependent, cell-mediated

effects in the immune response

Molecular Systems, Inc. ABI Prism is a trademark of the Perkin-

Elmer Corporation. For research use only. Not for use in

diagnostic procedures.

•

Enhances the proliferation of endothelial cells

and many tumor cell lines

Produced by

T cells, B cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, mast

cells

References:

PE Applied Biosystems. The TaqMan ¤ Cytokine

Gene Expression Plate I Protocol. 1998. The

Perkin-Elmer Corporation, pp.60-61.

Callard R. E., Gearing A. J. H. 1994. The Cytokine

Facts Book. London: Academic Press, Inc., pp.

31-98, 157-162, 241-246.

R&D Systems 1995 Catalog. 1995. R&D Systems,

pp. 3-5, 13-15, 25-27, 31-33, 49-50, 57-59, 67-

69, 101-103, 141-142, 187-189.

Related Cytokine Sites:

The International Cytokine Society at

http://bioinformatics.weizmann.ac.il/cytokine/

COPE or Cytokines Online Pathfinder Encyclopedia

at http://bioinformatics.weizmann.ac.il/cgi-

bin/cope/cope.pl

The Cytokines Web at

http://www.psynix.co.uk/cytweb/index.html

PCR is covered in patents issued to Cetus Corporation and owned

by Hoffman-La Roche, Inc. TaqMan is a trademark of Roche

USA: 9441 West Sam Houston Parkway South, Suite 103, Houston, Texas 77099 Telephone: 1-800-288-3720

Europe: Radwinter Road, Saffron Walden , Essex, CB11 3HY, UK Telephone: +44 (0) 1799-503123

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