FEMA emergency gassifer - wersja ang. drewno zamiast benzyny.pdf - Drewno zamiast benzyny - tomaneki01

Construction of a Simplified Wood Gas

Generator for Fueling Internal Combustion

Engines in a Petroleum Emergency

By:

H. LaFontaine, Biomass Energy Foundation, lnc. Miami, Florida

And:

F. P. Zimmerman, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Energy Division

FEMA lnteragency Agreement Number: EMW-84-E-1737 Work Unit: 3521 D

For:

Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C. 20472

"This report has been reviewed in the Federal Emergency Management Agency and approved for

publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies

of the Federal Emergency Management Agency."

Date Published: March 1989

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE: DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

S.1. PRINCIPLES OF SOLID FUEL GASIFICATION

S.2. THE STRATIFIED, DOWNDRAIFT GASIFIER

1. WHAT 1S A WOOD GAS GENERATOR AND HOW DOES IT WORK?

1.1.INTRODUCTION

1.2.PRINCIPLES OF SOLID FUEL GASIFICATION

1.3.BACKGROUND INFORMATION

1.3.1.The World War II, Embowered Gasifier

1.3.2.The Stratified, Downdraft Gasifier

2. BUILDING YOUR OWN WOOD GAS GENERATOR

2.1. BUILDING THE GAS GENERATOR UNIT AND THE FUEL HOPPER

2.2. BUILDING THE PRIMARY FILTER UNIT.

2.3. BUILDING THE CARBURETING UNIT WITH THE AIR AND THROTTLE CONTROLS

3. OPERATING AND MAINTAINING YOUR WOOD GAS GENERATOR

3.1. USING WOOD AS A FUEL

3.2. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS AND ENGINE MODIFICATIONS

3.3. INITIAL START-UP PROCEDURE

3.4. ROUTINE START-UP PROCEDURE

3.5. DRIVING AND NORMAL OPERATION

3.6. SHUTTING DOWN THE GASIFIER UNIT

Contents

3.7. ROUTINE MAINTENANCE

3.7.1 Daily Maintenance

3.7.2 Weekly Maintenance (or every 15 hours of operation)

3.7.3 Biweekly Maintenance (or every 30 hours of operation)

3.8. OPERATING PROBLEMS AND TROUBLE-SHOOTING

CONTENTS

3.9. HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH GASIFIER OPERATION

3.9.1. Toxic Hazards

3.9.2. Technical Aspects of "Generator Gas, Poisoning"

3.9.3. Fire Hazard

APPENDICES

APPENDIX I. CONVERSION FACTORS FOR SI UNITS

APPENDIX II. LIST OF FIGURES

APPENDIX III. LIST OF TABLES

APPENDIX IV. BIBLIOGRAPHY

ABSTRACT: CONSTRUCTION OF A SIMPLIFIED WOOD GAS

GENERATOR FOR FUELING INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES IN A

PETROLEUM EMERGENCY

H. LaFontaine, G. P. Zimmerman

This report is one in a series of emergency technology assessments sponsored by the

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The purpose of this report is to develop

detailed, illustrated instructions for the fabrication, installation, and operation of a biomass

gasifier unit (i.e., a 'producer gas' generator, also called a "wood gas' generator) that is capable of

providing emergency fuel for vehicles, such as tractors and trucks, in the event that normal

petroleum sources were severely disrupted for an extended period of time. These instructions

have been prepared as a manual for use by any mechanic who is reasonably proficient in metal

fabrication or engine repair. This report attempts to preserve the knowledge about wood

gasification that was put into practical use during World War II. Detailed, step-by-step

fabrication procedures are presented for a simplified version of the World War II, Embowered

wood gas generator. This simple, stratified, downdraft gasifier unit can be constructed from

materials that would be widely available in the United States in a prolonged petroleum crisis. For

example, the body of the unit consists of a galvanized metal garbage can atop a small metal

drum; common plumbing fittings throughout; and a large, stainless steel mixing bowl for the

grate. The entire compact unit was mounted onto the front of a farm tractor and successfully field

tested, using wood chips as the only fuel. Photographic documentation of the actual assembly of

the unit as well as its operation is included.

Executive Summary

This report is one in a series of emergency technology assessments sponsored by the

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The purpose of this report is to develop

detailed, illustrated instructions for the fabrication, installation, and operation of a biomass

gasifier unit (i.e. a "producer gas" generator, also called a "wood gas" generator) which is capable

of providing emergency fuel for vehicles, such as tractors and trucks, should normal petroleum

sources be severely disrupted for an extended period of time. These instructions have been

prepared as a manual for use by any mechanic who is reasonably proficient in metal fabrication

or engine repair.

Fuel gas, produced by the reduction of coal and peat, was used for heating as early as

1840 in Europe and by 1884 had been adapted to fuel engines in England. Prior to 1940, gas

generator units were a familiar, but not extensively utilized, technology. However, petroleum

shortages during World War II led to widespread gas generator applications in the transportation

industries of Western Europe. (Charcoal burning taxis, a related application, were still common

in Korea as late as 1970.) The United States, never faced with such prolonged or severe oil

shortages, has lagged far behind Europe and the Orient in familiarity with and application of this

technology.

However, a catastrophic event could disrupt the supply of petroleum in this country so

severely that this technology might be critical in meeting the energy needs of some essential

economic activities, such as the production and distribution of food. In occupied Denmark

during World War II, 95% of all mobile farm machinery, tractors, trucks, stationary engines, and

fishing and ferry boats were powered by wood gas generator units. Even in neutral Sweden, 40%

of all motor traffic operated on gas derived from wood or charcoal. All over Europe, Asia, and

Australia, millions of gas generators were in operation between 1940 and 1946.

Because of the wood gasifier’s health risks from toxic fumes, most of such units were

abandoned when oil again became available in 1945. Except for the technology of producing

alternate fuels, such as methane or alcohol, the only solution for operating existing internal

combustion engines, when oil and petroleum products are not available, has been these simple,

inexpensive Gasifier units.

This report attempts to preserve the knowledge about wood gasification that was put into

practical use during World War II. In this report, detailed step-by-step procedures are presented

for constructing a simplified version of the WWII wood gas generator; this simple, stratified,

downdraft Gasifier unit (shown schematically in Fig.S-1) can be constructed from materials

which would be widely available in the United States in a prolonged petroleum crisis. For

example, the body of the unit consists of a galvanized metal garbage can atop a small metal

drum; common plumbing fittings are used throughout; and a large, stainless steel mixing bowl is

used for the grate. A prototype Gasifier unit was fabricated from these instructions (see Fig. S-2);

this unit was then mounted onto the front of a farm tractor and successfully field tested, using

wood chips as the only fuel (see Fig. S-3). Photographic documentation of the actual assembly of

the unit, as well as its operational field test, is included in the body of this report.

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