Encyclopaedia of the history, science, technology and medicine in non-western culture(1).pdf

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Encyclopaedia of the History of Science,
Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures
H ELAINE S ELIN (Ed.)
Encyclopaedia of the History of
Science, Technology, and Medicine
in Non-Western Cultures
Volume 1
A
K
With 1374 Figures and 107 Tables
Editor:
Helaine Selin
Hampshire College
893 West Street
Amherst, MA 01002
USA
hselin@hampshire.edu
A C.I.P. Catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN: 978-1-4020-4559-2
This publication is available also as:
Electronic publication under ISBN 978-1-4020-4425-0 and
Print and electronic bundle under ISBN 978-1-4020-4960-6
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Copyright Law.
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York 2008
The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
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Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media
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Printed on acid-free paper SPIN: 11609919 2109
543210
Editor-in-Chief
H ELAINE S ELIN
Hampshire College
893 West Street
Amherst, MA 01002
USA
Editorial Board
L IU D UN
Professor and Director of the Institute for the History of
Natural Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Being, China
R ODDAM N ARASIMHA
Chairman, Engineering Mechanics Unit
Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research
Bangalore
India
Former Director, National Institute of Advanced Studies
Indian Institute of Science
J OHN S ERVOS
Professor, Amherst College, Amherst Massachusett, USA
and Past President of the
History of Science Society
Advisory Board
C AI J INGFENG
China Institute for History of Medicine and
Medical Literature
Beijing
China
Medicine
R UBEN M ENDOZA
Institute for Archaeological Science, Technology and
Visualization, California State University
Monterey Bay, California
USA
Americas
C HRISTOPHER C ULLEN
Needham Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
China
S IMON P OTTER
East Asia, Japan
C.K. R AJU
Centre for Computer Science, MCRP University
Bhopal
India
India
G REGG DE Y OUNG
Mathematics Department
The American University in Cairo, Egypt
Egypt
J ENS H ØYRUP
Section for Philosophy and Science Studies
Roskilde University, Rostilde, Denmark
Mathematics
R OBERT M. R AKOFF
School of Social Sciences Massachusetts, Hampshire College
Amherst
USA
Environment
A RNE K ALLAND
Department of Social Anthropology, University of Oslo
Oslo
Norway
Nature and the Environment
D AVID T URNBULL
Arts Faculty, Deakin University; History and Philosophy
of Science, University of Melbourne; Centre for Australian
Indigenous Studies, Monash University; Sociology
Lancaster University, Australia
Social Studies of Science
E.C. K RUPP
Griffith Observatory
Los Angeles, California
USA
Astronomy
C LUNY M ACPHERSON
Department of Sociology, University of Auckland, New
Zealand
Pacific
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