Encyklopedia państw świata 2.pdf

Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia

of the Nations, Fifth Edition

Table of Contents

Reader’s Guide vi

Guide to Country Articles xi

Afghanistan 1

Albania 17

Algeria 31

Andorra 49

Angola 59

Antigua and Barbuda 73

Argentina 85

Armenia 105

Australia 117

Austria 137

Azerbaijan 153

e Bahamas 165

Bahrain 177

Bangladesh 189

Barbados 203

Belarus 215

Belgium 227

Belize 241

Benin 253

Bhutan 267

Bolivia 279

Glossary 297

Reader’s Guide

Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations,

Fifth Edition, presents proﬁ les of 194 coun-

tries of the world, arranged alphabetically from

Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, in 10 volumes. Eight

entries describing the dependencies of France,

the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the

United States were added to this ﬁ fth edition.

Junior Worldmark is based on the twelfth edition

of the reference work, Worldmark Encyclopedia

of the Nations. e Worldmark design organizes

facts and data about every country in a common

structure. Every proﬁ le contains a map, showing

the country and its location in the world.

For this ﬁ fth edition of Junior Worldmark,

the pages were redesigned to make the infor-

mation more accessible to student researchers.

Facts were updated and elements were devel-

oped or expanded. e proﬁ le of the current

political leader of each country was expanded;

most leader proﬁ les are accompanied by a photo.

Approximately 232 new photographs were cho-

sen to illustrate the landscape or society of the

countries of the world.

e Junior Worldmark structure—35 num-

bered headings—allows students to compare

two or more countries in a variety of ways. To

further the opportunity for comparisons, most

country proﬁ les feature graphical presentations

of data: Geographic Proﬁ le, Growth Rate of the

Economy, Components of the Economy, Yearly

Balance of Trade, and a standard table compar-

ing selected social indicators.

e Geographic Proﬁ le table ranks the

country in land area among the 194 countries of

the world. e highest and lowest points in the

country are given, as well as average rainfall and

temperature. e table entitled Selected Social

Indicators oﬀ ers a snapshot of the country and

its development in relation to the other nations

of the world. Included are data for 11 key char-

acteristics—per capita gross national income,

population growth rate, people per square kilo-

meter of land, life expectancy, number of physi-

cians for every 1,000 people, pupils per teacher

in primary schools, literacy rate, number of tele-

vision sets and Internet users per 1,000 people,

and per capita energy consumption. To inform

the growing interest in worldwide greenhouse

gas emissions, the ﬁ fth edition now includes sta-

tistics on the country’s per capita carbon dioxide

emissions. e country’s statistics are compared

to the averages for low-income countries, high-

income countries, and the United States.

Because of diﬀ erences in exchange rates, eco-

nomic systems, government instability or lack of

resources, and government reporting procedures,

Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations, Fifth Edition

Reader’s Guide

it is di cult—in some cases impossible—to ﬁ nd

data for all of the categories listed in the articles.

If a country proﬁ le lacks any of the graphical ele-

ments, in most cases it was due to lack of reliable

statistical information.

e statistics, however, are more than com-

plete enough to paint a disturbing picture of the

great discrepancy in wealth between the indus-

trialized nations and those of most of the rest

of the world. As every Selected Social Indicators

table illustrates, nearly half of the world’s people

live in countries where the yearly per capita gross

national product averages $2,258.

Because many terms used in this encyclope-

dia will be new to students, each volume includes

a comprehensive glossary. A keyword index to all

ten volumes appears in Volume 10.

National Anthem. e title of the national

anthem is provided in the native language

(with English translation in parentheses). Some

anthems are untitled. In those cases, the ﬁ rst line

of the anthem, or the phrase commonly used to

refer to the anthem, is provided in the native lan-

guage (with English translation in parentheses).

Monetary Unit of the country is described, with

information about its history where available.

Exchange rates are provided to give the student

a relative idea of the value of the currency, and

to enable broad comparisons between currencies

of diﬀ erent countries. For the nations that are

members of the European Union, conversions

are provided for the euro as well. For up-to-the-

minute information on exchange rates, the stu-

dent should consult a newspaper or bank.

Proﬁ le Features

Each country proﬁ le begins by deﬁ ning eight

ways that the country is known to its neighbors

and to the rest of the world:

Country names are reported in three forms.

e ﬁ rst, the common name, is the name most

English-speaking people use when talking about

the country. In smaller type below the common

name is the o cial name, in English. Finally, the

name, in the language of the country, appears in

italic type below the o cial name.

Capitals are named in the common English-lan-

guage form, with the native language (if avail-

able) following in parentheses.

National emblems and ﬂ ags are provided in

color on the end pages of each volume, and in

black and white accompanying the country’s

entry; the ﬂ ag is also described in the text appear-

ing below the ﬂ ag.

Weights and measures vary around the world,

and Junior Worldmark reports on the system used

by each country.

Holidays listed are o cial public holidays cel-

ebrated by the government and its citizens. A

movable holiday falls on a diﬀ erent date each

year, like Labor Day (ﬁ rst Monday in September)

in the United States.

Time is standard time given by time zone in

relation to Greenwich mean time (GMT). e

world is divided into 24 time zones, each one

hour apart. e Greenwich meridian, which is 0

degrees, passes through Greenwich, England, a

suburb of London. Greenwich is at the center of

the initial time zone, known as Greenwich mean

time (GMT). All times given are converted from

noon in this zone. e time reported for the

country is the o cial time zone.

Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations, Fifth Edition

vii

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