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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
MATHEMATICS
JAMES TANTON, P H .D.
 
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Encyclopedia of Mathematics
Copyright © 2005 by James Tanton, Ph.D.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage
or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact:
Facts On File, Inc.
132 West 31st Street
New York NY 10001
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Tanton, James Stuart, 1966–
Encyclopedia of mathematics/James Tanton.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8160-5124-0
1. Mathematics—Encyclopedia. I. Title.
QA5.T34 2005
510
.3—dc22
2004016785
Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for
businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department
in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755.
You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com
Text design by Joan M. Toro
Cover design by Cathy Rincon
Illustrations by Richard Garratt
Printed in the United States of America
VBHrme10987654321
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
′
 
C ONTENTS
Acknowledgments
v
Introduction
vi
A to Z Entries
1
Feature Essays:
“History of Equations and Algebra”
9
“History of Calculus”
57
“History of Functions”
208
“History of Geometry”
226
“History of Probability and Statistics”
414
“History of Trigonometry”
510
Appendixes:
Appendix I
Chronology
539
 
Appendix II
Bibliography and Web Resources
546
Appendix III
Associations
551
Index
552
 

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