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International Encyclopedia of the

Social Sciences, 2nd edition

International Encyclopedia of the

Social Sciences, 2nd edition

VOLUME 1

ABORTION–COGNITIVE DISSONANCE

William A. Darity Jr.

EDITOR IN CHIEF

International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 2nd edition

William A. Darity Jr., Editor in Chief

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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA

International encyclopedia of the social sciences / William A. Darity, Jr., editor in chief.—

2nd ed. v. cm. Rev. ed. of: International encyclopedia of the social sciences / David L.

Sills, editor. c1968–c1991.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-02-865965-7 (set hardcover : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-0-02-865966-4

(v. 1 hardcover : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-0-02-865967-1 (v. 2 hardcover : alk. paper)—

ISBN 978-0-02-865968-8 (v. 3 hardcover : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-0-02-865969-5

(v. 4 hardcover : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-0-02-865970-1 (v. 5 hardcover : alk. paper)—

ISBN 978-0-02-865971-8 (v. 6 hardcover : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-0-02-865972-5

(v. 7 hardcover : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-0-02-865973-2 (v. 8 hardcover : alk. paper)—

ISBN 978-0-02-866141-4 (v. 9 hardcover : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-0-02-866117-9

(ebook : alk. paper)

1. Social sciences—Dictionaries. 2. Social sciences—Encyclopedias. I. Darity, William A.,

1953– II. Title: Encyclopedia of the social sciences.

H40.A2I5 2008

300.3–dc22

2007031829

0-02-865965-1 (set)

0-02-865966-X (v. 1)

0-02-865967-8 (v. 2)

0-02-865968-6 (v. 3)

0-02-865969-4 (v. 4)

0-02-865970-8 (v. 5)

0-02-865971-6 (v. 6)

0-02-865972-4 (v. 7)

0-02-865973-2 (v. 8)

0-02-866141-9 (v. 9)

This title is also available as an e-book.

ISBN 978-0-02-866117-9; 0-02-866117-6

Contact your Gale representative for ordering information.

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Editorial Board

EDITOR IN CHIEF

Donald M. Nonini

Professor of Anthropology and Director of Graduate

Studies for Anthropology, University of North Carolina

at Chapel Hill

William A. Darity Jr.

Arts & Sciences Professor of Public Policy Studies,

Professor of African and African-American Studies

and Economics, and Director, Research Network on

Racial and Ethnic Inequality, Duke University

Professor Emeritus of Economics and Sociology,

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

David Scott

Professor of Anthropology, Columbia University

Theresa Singleton

Associate Professor of Anthropology, Maxwell School,

Syracuse University

ASSOCIATE EDITORS

Eduardo Bonilla-Silva

Professor of Sociology, Duke University

CONSULTING EDITORS

Philip R. Costanzo

Professor of Psychology, Duke University

David Dietrich

Department of Sociology, Duke University

Patrick L. Mason

Director, African American Studies Program, and

Professor of Economics, Florida State University

J. Alan Kendrick

Director of Minority Recruitment and Retention,

The Graduate School, University of North Carolina

at Chapel Hill

Paula McClain

Professor of Political Science, and Professor of Law,

Public Policy, and African and African American Studies,

Duke University

Ley Killeya-Jones

Research Scientist, Center for Child and Family Policy,

Duke University

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