Fragmenty ksiazki "Japanese. A complete course for beginners" Autorzy: H.J.Ballhatchet, S.K.Kaiser Pomoc do nauki japonskiego - przepisal Krystian Galaj --------------------------------------------------------------- Gdziekolwiek jest "Kaiwa", odnosi sie to do dialogu. Dialogi i cwiczenia pomijam. W tej formie nie wystarczy to na samouczek, ale na teorie do polskich cwiczen z japonskiego wystarczy. Kto chce wiecej, niech kupi ksiazke :)) Wiec w tej formie niech nikt sie nie dziwi, ze nie rozumie o kim mowia niektore przyklady, czy ze nie ma dodatkow z tabelami. To mozna znalezc na sieci. Natomiast tu jest zebrana gramatyka, tyle ile znalazlem, a w tym samym dokumencie w dalszej czesci sa informacje "Language & Society" z ksiazki, tez dajace troche wiedzy o jezyku. --------------------------------------------------------------- Unit 1 1 - "A wa B desu" Things or persons are identified in Japanese by using this pattern, which means "A is B". The particle "wa" marks the thing or person (A) which is identified by means of (B); "desu" (is) then completes the sentence. Kore wa kasa desu. This is an umbrella. Watashi wa Igirisujin desu. I am British. Sensei wa Amerikajin desu. The teacher is (an) American. The negative equivalent of this pattern is formed by replacing "desu" with "de wa arimasen". Alternative forms are "ja arimasen", "de wa nai desu" and "ja nai desu". All are commonly used and you should be able to recognise them. Kore wa kasa de wa arimasen. This is not an umbrella. Watashi wa Amerikajin de wa arimasen. I am not (an) American. When "[A] wa" is understood, it is frequently omitted to avoid unnecessary repetition. For example, see the following sequence of sentences, both statements about "A", with "watashi wa" omitted in the second sentence: Watashi wa Amerikajin de wa arimasen. Igirisujin desu. I am not (an) American. I am British. 2 - The question particle "ka?": "A wa B desu ka?" A statement of the type seen in (1) can be made into a question by attaching "ka?" to the end of the sentence. In speech, questions are normally accompanied by rising intonation similar to that used in an English question. ( Note that no change in word order is necessary in Japanese, unlike English ). Sensei wa Amerikajin desu. The teacher is (an) American. Sensei wa Amerikajin desu ka? Is the teacher (an) American? This type of question is often called a "yes/no question", as it calls for an answer beginning with "yes" ( hai ) or "no" ( iie ). Hai, ( sensei wa ) Amerikajin desu. Iie, ( sensei wa ) Amerikajin de wa arimasen. "[A] wa" will again be omitted in an answer. 3 - The sentence-final particles "yo" and "ne" Both of these are attached to the end of sentences to provide emphasis. "Yo" is used to alert the listener to the situation indicated by the sentence to which "yo" is attached, very much like an exclamation mark in English ( the intonation in Japanese can be either rising, as in a question, for weak emphasis, or falling, but not as much as in English, for stronger emphasis ): Watashi desu yo. It's me! Kore wa jamu desu yo. This is jam! Sou ja arimasen yo. Oh no ( that's not so )! "Ne" is used to solicit agreement from the listener, rather like "isn't it" in English ( intonation can be slightly rising, or falling, especially in its lengthened form "nee" ). Kore desu ne. You mean ( it is ) this ( one ), don't you? Okusan wa Igirisujin de wa arimasen ne. Your wife isn't British, is she? 4 - The particle "mo": "A wa B desu. C mo B desu" Consider once again our basic pattern: Yamada-san wa sensei desu. Mr Yamada is a/the teacher. If you want to go on to substitute another person, C for A, "wa" is replaced by "mo" ( too, also ). You can make this statement into a question by adding "ka?". Watashi mo sensei desu. I am a teacher, too. Okusan mo sensei desu ka? Is your wife also a teacher? The answer to the question could be the following: Hai, ( kanai mo ) sensei desu. Iie, KANAI WA sensei de wa arimasen. Note that with the answer "Yes", the repeated "[A] mo" is optional; when the answer is "No", "[A] mo" cannot be used and it is usual to give "[A] wa". 5 - Words used to point at things ( or sometimes persons ) Where we use the words "this" or "that" in English, Japanese has three words: "kore", "sore" and "are": "Kore" for items closer to the speaker than the listener: "this" "Sore" for items closer to the listener than the speaker: "that" "Are" for items at a distance from both: "that over there" Thus, if you enquire about an item that is on the salesperson's side of the sales counter you would ask: Sore wa nan desu ka? What is that? ( Lit. That is what? ) If the salesperson wants to confirm which item you referred to by "sore", he might sometimes point at it ( or pick it up ) and ask back: Kore desu ka? ( You mean ) this one? 6 - Combining nouns with "no": "A wa X no B desu" "No" can be used to extend our basic pattern "A wa B desu". Compare the following pairs of sentences: Kore wa jamu desu. This is jam. Kore wa Igirisu no jamu desu. This is British jam. Kanai wa sensei desu. My wife is a teacher. Kanai wa Eigo no sensei desu. My wife is an English teacher. Kore wa kasa desu. This is an umbrella. Kore wa watashi no kasa desu. This is my umbrella. In the second sentence of each pair, the noun (X) before "no" is providing further information about the noun after "no". "No" can join any two nouns, leading to various English equivalents depending on the types of nouns involved: (a) Where "X" stands for a person, "no" will indicate either ownership, if "B" is a thing, or if "B" is a person too, it will indicate a personal relationship between "X" and "B": Watashi no Rourusu-roisu My Rolls-Royce Tomu-san no sensei Tom's teacher ( It might help you to get used to the word order if you think of "no" as equivalent to 's in English, though its use is much wider. ) (b) If the first noun is a place noun, it shows the place of origin of the second noun: Furansu no jamu French jam Igirisu no kasa An English umbrella (c) If "X" is any other type of noun, it will describe the contents or makeup of "B" where "B" is a thing, or "B"'s area of specialisation where it is a person: Nihongo no shinbun A Japanese newspaper Ichigo no jamu Strawberry jam Eigo no sensei A teacher of English The difference between (a), (b) and (c) becomes clearer when "A wa X no B desu" type sentences become information seeking questions. The place of "X" is taken by the question words "dare?" ( who ), "doko?" ( where? ), and "nan?" ( what? ), becoming respectively "dare no?" ( of who, whose ), "doko no?" ( from where, where from ), "nan no?" ( of what ): (a) Kore wa dare no kasa desu ka? Whose umbrella is this? (b) Kore wa doko no jamu desu ka? Where is this jam from? ( Lit. This is jam from where? ) (c) Yamada-sensei wa nan no sensei desu ka? What does Mr Yamada teach? ( Lit. What is Mr Yamada teacher of? ) In the case of (a) and (b) only, and where the second noun (B) is NOT a person, "B" is commonly abreviated where understood: Talking about cheese: Kore wa Furansu no desu. Talking about umbrellas: Sore wa watashi no de wa arimasen. --------------------------- Unit 2 1 - "A wa [adjective] B desu" As in English, adjectives can go either before of after the noun they are describing. First we will look at adjectives before nouns: Kore wa oishii chiizu desu. This is delicious cheese. Sore wa hen na tabemono desu. That is strange food. There are two types of adjective in Japanese, one which ends in "-i" before nouns, and one which ends in "na" before nouns. We will call these "-i" and "na" adjectives, and they will be identified in vocabulary lists as in the following examples: "-i" adjective: atsu.i "na" adjective: genki na Other common "-i" adjectives include: atataka.i warm samu.i ( atmospheric ) cold tsumeta.i cold ( to the touch, of emotionally ) ooki.i big chiisa.i small ( used for young, i.e. small, children ) waka.i young ( teenagers, adults ) atarashi.i new furu.i old ( opposite of "atarashii", not of "wakai" ) i.i good, all right waru.i bad haya.i quick, early oso.i slow, late Many "na" adjectives are of foreign, primarily Chinese, origin. Common ones include: benri na convenient, useful shizuka na quiet, peaceful shinsetsu na kind yuumei na famous kirei na pretty, clean, neat taisetsu na important hontou na true taihen na serious, awful hansamu na handsome "Na" adjectives takem from Western languages such as English and French are often used to enhance the vocabulary of the advertising copy-writer: ereganto na resutoran an elegant restaurant shikku na burausu a chic blouse 2 - "A wa [adjective] desu" Note what happens to each type of adjective when it comes at the end of a sentence in normal polite speech: Tanaka-san wa wakai desu. Tanaka-san is young. Suzuki-san wa hansamu desu. Suzuki-san is handsome. While the "-i" adjective remains exactly the same, the "na" adjective drops "na" before "desu". The two types of adjective also behave differently when forming the negative: (a) "-i" adjectives. To turn an "-i" adjective into the negative, for example in order to say that British summers are NOT hot, you have to actually change its form: Nihon no natsu wa atsu|i desu. Japanese summers are hot. Nihon no natsu wa atsu|ku arimasen. British summers are not hot. Oishi|i desu ka? Is it tasty?/Does it taste good? ...
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