Semivowels2.doc

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Semivowels (also called semiconsonants or glides, though these are now dispreferred) are non-syllabic vowels that form diphtho

CONSONANTS: SEMIVOWELS

Semivowels are vowel-like consonants: that is, the air-flow is not stopped or impeded so as to cause a friction-sound, but the aperture through which the air passes is smaller than the aperture of any vowel. Also, in forming words, semivowels appear in positions where consonants normally appear. Present-Day English has two semivowels, both of which are voiced (vocal cords vibrating during the articulation of the nasal). (The semivowels, the lateral /l/, the retroflex /r/, and the nasals are sometimes called the resonants.)

1. /w/ (the phoneme spelled w in wet): (voiced) bilabial velar semivowel. (This phoneme is bilabial because it requires rounding of both lips; it is velar because the back of the tongue rises toward the velum when the phoneme is articulated.)
2. /j/ (the phoneme spelled y in yard): (voiced) alveopalatal semivowel.

 

sem·i·vow·el  - A sound that has the quality of one of the high vowels, as () or (), and that functions as a consonant before or after vowels, as the initial sounds of yell and well and the final sounds of coy and cow. Also called glide.

 

 

Semivowels (also called semiconsonants or glides, though these are now dispreferred) are non-syllabic vowels that form diphthongs with syllabic vowels. They may be contrasted with approximants, which are similar to but closer than vowels or semivowels and behave as consonants. Semivowels are normally written by adding the IPA non-syllabic mark [  ̯] to a vowel symbol, but often for simplicity the vowel symbol alone is written.

To illustrate, the English word wow may be transcribed as [waʊ̯] (or abbreviated to [waʊ]). Even though both the [w] and the [ʊ̯] are similar to the vowel [u], the transcription [waʊ̯] indicates that the initial segment is considered to be a consonant by the transcriber, while the final segment is considered to form a diphthong with the preceding vowel. The approximant [w] is more constricted and therefore more consonant-like than the semivowel [ʊ̯]. (Using the transcription [aʊ̯] for the diphthong rather than [æu̯] as one might expect is a minor phonetic point. See diphthong for details.)

Because they are so similar phonetically, the concepts of semivowel and approximant are often used interchangeably. In this conflated usage, semivowels are defined as those approximants that correspond phonetically to specific close vowels. These are [j], corresponding to [i]; [w] for [u]; [ɥ] for [y]; and [ɰ] for [ɯ]. (See approximant for details.) However, languages such as Nepali and Samoan have additional semivowels such as [e̯] and [o̯] that correspond to mid vowels, and which other than being non-syllabic are not at all like consonants.

 

 

Semivowels (also called semiconsonants or glides) are vowels that function phonemically as consonants. They are typically briefer, less stable and often closer than the corresponding vowels. For example, the word wow is written in IPA. Even though the first and the last are similar phones, the former is considered a consonant phoneme while the latter is considered a part of the diphthong, because English speakers think wow rhymes with how , which means these words share the same syllable rime and the remaining in wow and the in how are both onsets, initial consonants.

Semivowels are classified as approximants that correspond phonetically to specific vowels.

List of semivowels


·         palatal approximant

·         velar approximant

·         labial-velar approximant

·         labial-palatal approximant


 

Examples


·         English y in yes: the palatal approximant

·         English w in well: the labial-velar approximant


 

Palatal approximant The palatal approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in very many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j.

Features Features of the palatal approximant:

·         Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by bringing one articulator close to another but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream is produced.

·         Its place of articulation is palatal which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised against the hard palate.

·         Its phonation type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.

·         It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.

·         It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.

·         The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.

In English The palatal approximant occurs in English, and it is the sound denoted by the letter "y" in you or yesterday

 

Velar approximant The velar approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is M.

Features Features of the velar approximant:

·         Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by bringing one articulator close to another but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream is produced.

·         Its place of articulation is velar which means it is articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the velum).

·         Its phonation type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.

·         It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.

·         It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.

·         The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.

In English English does not have the velar approximant. However, it does have the similar labial-velar approximant w. w has two places of articulation, labial and velar, whereas ɰ has only one, velar. To give some idea of how to pronounce ɰ, try to make a "w" sound without the labial articulation, that is, without bringing the lips together.

 

 

 

 

 

Labial-velar approximant

The labial-velar approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in certain spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is w.

It corresponds to English w and Polish ł.

Features Features of the labial-velar approximant:

·         Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by bringing one articulator close to another but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream is produced.

·         Its place of articulation is labial-velar which means it is articulated both with the lips and with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the velum).

·         Its phonation type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.

·      &...

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