Core Syntax A Minimalist Approach.pdf

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CoreSyntax:AMinimalistApproach
DavidAdger
July16,2002
Contents
Preface
i
1CoreConcepts 1
1.1Whatisasentence?................................ 1
1.1.1Utterances,propositionsandsentences................. 1
1.1.2Acceptability,grammaticalityandstars................. 2
1.1.3Formandorder.............................. 5
1.2TacitKnowledge................................. 6
1.3Syntactictheories................................ 10
1.4BacktoSentences................................. 13
1.5Summary..................................... 15
2Morphosyntacticfeatures 17
2.1Introduction.................................... 17
2.2IntroducingFeatures............................... 17
2.3Whatarefeatures?................................ 20
2.3.1FeatureSystems.............................. 21
2.3.2InterfaceRules.............................. 24
2.4MotivatingFeatures................................ 25
2.4.1MajorCategoryFeatures......................... 26
2.4.2Moreonthecontentofwords...................... 28
2.4.3Somemoreminorfeatures........................ 33
2.5Summary..................................... 41
3ConstituencyandThetaRoles 48
3.1Introduction.................................... 48
3.2Constituents................................... 48
3.3Fundamentalnotions............................... 53
3.4Determiningthehead.............................. 57
3.5Predictingthehead--rolesandselectionalfeatures............. 60
3.5.1Rolesandthe-Criterion....................... 61
3.5.2Unassigned-roles............................ 64
3.5.3SelectionalFeaturesandLexicalRepresentation............ 65
3.5.4S-selectionalFeatures........................... 68
3.6TriggeringMergebyfeaturechecking...................... 71
1
CONTENTS
2
3.7Summary..................................... 76
4RepresentingPhraseStructure 82
4.1Introduction.................................... 82
4.2TheStructureofPhrases............................. 82
4.2.1FirstMerge—Complements...................... 82
4.2.2SecondMerge—Specifiers........................ 86
4.2.3Adjunction................................ 87
4.2.4ThestructureoftheVerbPhrase.................... 90
4.2.5X–Theory................................. 91
4.3C-command.................................... 92
4.3.1DefiningtheRelation........................... 93
4.3.2ReflexiveBinding............................. 94
4.3.3NegativePolarityItems......................... 96
4.3.4Summary................................. 97
4.4Ditransitives.................................... 97
4.4.1Threeargumentpredicates........................ 97
4.4.2TernaryorBinaryBranching?...................... 97
4.4.3ABinaryAlternative...........................100
4.4.4Causativesandlittlev..........................104
4.5Linking......................................109
4.6TheArchitectureoftheSystem.........................113
4.7Summary.....................................117
5FunctionalCategoriesI—TP 124
5.1Introduction....................................124
5.2Sentencesareheaded...............................125
5.2.1TheoreticalConsiderations........................125
5.2.2EmpiricalEvidence............................125
5.2.3CrossLinguisticEvidence........................132
5.3TenseMarking..................................133
5.3.1TenseonMainVerbs...........................133
5.3.2TenseonAuxiliaries...........................138
5.4HeadMovement..................................141
5.4.1ThepositionofNegation.........................141
5.4.2AuxtoTmovement...........................142
5.4.3VtoTmovement.............................146
5.4.4Auxinsitu................................148
5.5Do-support....................................149
5.5.1BasicPropertiesofdo-suppport.....................149
5.5.2AxalNegation..............................151
5.5.3AxalTense...............................152
5.5.4TenseChains...............................155
5.6Summary.....................................157
CONTENTS
3
6SubjectsandObjects 166
6.1Introduction....................................166
6.2SubjectMovement................................167
6.2.1QuantifierStranding...........................167
6.2.2ExpletiveConstructions.........................170
6.3CaseandEPP...................................172
6.3.1SubjectsandEPP-features........................172
6.3.2ObjectsandLocalityofFeatureMatching...............177
6.3.3SubjectVerbAgreement.........................180
6.3.4InterimSummary.............................182
6.4UnaccusativeSubjects..............................182
6.4.1Ne-Cliticization..............................184
6.4.2PossessorDativesinHebrew.......................186
6.5Passives......................................188
6.6Adverbs......................................190
6.7Wordorderandmovement............................193
6.8Summary.....................................195
7FunctionalcategoriesII—theDP 200
7.1ThecategoryD..................................200
7.1.1TypesofD................................201
7.1.2ThesemanticsofDs...........................203
7.2DsasHeads....................................205
7.2.1ComplementaryDistributionofDs...................205
7.2.2CapturingtheComplementaryDistribution..............207
7.2.3ImplicationsofthisAnalysis.......................208
7.2.4FurtherQuestions.............................209
7.2.5Possessors—SpecifiersofDP......................211
7.2.6MoreNullDs...............................212
7.3-roleAssignmentinDP.............................216
7.4LittlenandtheLowStructureofDP......................219
7.4.1MotivationforLittlen..........................220
7.4.2CaseCheckinginDP...........................222
7.4.3Possessors.................................225
7.5APmodificationinDP..............................226
7.6OrderandMovementinDP...........................230
7.7Summary.....................................232
8FunctionalCategoriesIII—CP 238
8.1Complementizers.................................238
8.1.1that ....................................238
8.1.2DeclarativesandInterrogatives.....................240
8.1.3SubjectClauses..............................245
8.2Non-finiteCPComplementation.........................249
8.2.1PROandControlClauses........................251
CONTENTS
4
8.2.2ECMclauses...............................252
8.2.3CinNon-finiteClauses..........................253
8.2.4NullcaseandPRO............................255
8.2.5Cross-clausalcasecheckingandECM..................256
8.2.6Raising...................................260
8.2.7ObjectControl..............................266
8.2.8Summaryandfurtherimplications...................269
8.3AdjunctClauses..................................270
8.4Cross-LinguisticImplications...........................271
8.5Summary.....................................275
9WhMovement 282
9.1Introduction....................................282
9.2Elementsthatundergowh-movement......................285
9.2.1Wh-expressions..............................285
9.2.2Interpretationofwh-questions......................288
9.3Mechanicsofwh-movement...........................289
9.3.1Checkingwh-features...........................289
9.3.2Refiningthesystem............................293
9.3.3Otherwh-movements...........................295
9.3.4Embeddedwh-questions.........................297
9.4Subjectwh-questions...............................297
9.5Longdistancewh-movement...........................300
9.6Wh-in-situ.....................................302
9.7Superiority.....................................304
9.8Cross-linguisticvariationinwh-constructions..................305
9.9Summary.....................................307
10Locality 313
10.1Introduction....................................313
10.2Empiricalevidenceforlocalmovement.....................314
10.2.1Floatingquantifiers............................314
10.2.2Complementizeragreementagain....................316
10.2.3Successiveinversionphenomena.....................318
10.3Ensuringsuccessivewh-movement........................320
10.3.1Localityinfeaturematching.......................320
10.3.2SolvinganoldPuzzle...........................321
10.4IslandPhenomena................................323
10.4.1Wh-Islands................................323
10.4.2DPislands.................................325
10.4.3SubjectIslands..............................327
10.4.4AdjunctIslands..............................332
10.5Summary.....................................332

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