Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Medieval World.pdf

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
SOCIETY AND CULTURE
IN THE
MEDIEVAL
PAM J. CRABTREE, Editor in Chief
WORLD
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Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Medieval World
Copyright © 2008 by Infobase Publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without
permission in writing from the publisher. For information, contact:
Facts On File, Inc.
An imprint of Infobase Publishing
132 West 31st Street
New York NY 10001
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of society and culture in the medieval world / Pam J. Crabtree, editor in chief.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-8160-6936-1 (set)
ISBN-10: 0-8160-6936-0 (set)
1. Civilization, Medieval—Encyclopedias. 2. Civilization—History—Encyclopedias. I. Crabtree, Pam J.
CB351.E53 2008
909.0703—dc22 2007036571
Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses,
associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at
(212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755.
You can ind Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonile.com
Text design by James Scotto-Lavino
Cover design by Takeshi Takahashi
Maps by Dale Williams
Printed in the United States of America
VB Hermitage 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
his book is printed on acid-free paper and contains 30 percent postconsumer recycled content.
Contents
Advisers and Contributors
v
education
338
List of Illustrations
xi
empires and dynasties
353
List of Maps and Primary Source
Documents
employment and labor
385
xix
exploration
399
Preface
xxiii
family
415
Introduction
xxv
festivals
428
Volume I
adornment
food and diet
440
foreigners and barbarians
451
3
forests and forestry
466
agriculture
15
gender structures and roles
479
alchemy and magic
42
government organization
490
architecture
53
health and disease
521
art
85
household goods
536
astronomy
111
hunting, ishing, and gathering
547
borders and frontiers
127
illumination
561
building techniques and materials
141
inventions
571
calendars and clocks
157
Volume III
language
children
168
cities
180
587
climate and geography
211
laws and legal codes
598
clothing and footwear
239
literature
614
crats
251
metallurgy
651
crime and punishment
264
migration and population movements
663
Volume II
death and burial practices
military
690
mills and milling
706
279
mining, quarrying, and salt making
716
drama and theater
291
money and coinage
729
economy
307
music and musical instruments
743
 
natural disasters
759
social collapse and abandonment
991
nomadic and pastoral societies
771
social organization
1005
numbers and counting
783
sports and recreation
1032
occupations
793
storage and preservation
1046
pandemics and epidemics
807
textiles and needlework
1057
religion and cosmology
823
towns and villages
1070
resistance and dissent
856
trade and exchange
1082
roads and bridges
868
transportation
1098
Volume IV
sacred sites
war and conquest
1113
weaponry and armor
1145
881
weights and measures
1157
scandals and corruption
898
writing
1168
science
911
seafaring and navigation
942
Glossary
1181
settlement patterns
954
Chronology by Region
1197
ships and shipbuilding
967
General Bibliography
1211
slaves and slavery
977
Index
1213

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