19.Tajiki Reference Grammar for Beginners.pdf
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TlII BFEBNCE
GMR OR
BEGINNES
AACTTH3AEOHHTO�HKM
6 A
Y
Nasrullo Khojayori
Hacpy\\o Xo�aep�
and
Mikael hom
pson
Mlxal\ TOMncoH
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
..........
......................
.
..................
.
........................
V
INTRODUCTION
...
.........................................
.
.........................................
vii
CHAPTER
1
Orthography and Phonology
iMAO sa OSOWHHOCH
..............................................
.
...............................
1
CHAPTER
2
Nominals and Prepositions
�Hcca�oH HOMHH HyT� sa neWORHA�O
..
.
............................................
17
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
CHAPTER
3
Verbs
hojayori, Nasrullo.
Tajiki : n elementary textbook
/
Nasrullo Khojayori.
p.em.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-58901-263-9 (pbk. vol. 1 : alk. paper)-
ISBN 978-1-58901-264-6 (pbk. vol. 2: alk. paper)--
ISBN 978-1-58901-269-1 (pbk. reference grammar: alk. paper)
1. Tajik language--Textbooks for foreign speakers--English.
GLOSSARY
I. Title.
PK6973.K49 2009
491' .5782421--dc21
INDEX
2008052593
© 2009
Georgetown University Press.
his grammar book, as well as oher language materials for Central Asian
Languages produced by CeLCAR, Indiana University-Bloomington, is
supported by a Title-VI grant from the Department of Education
.
.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iK rYAH MarCYA Aap HH 6YCTOH
,
I
HAa HaWYA 6e M
a
AaAH AYCTOH.
-CabAH
There is no lower in the garden of goals
Which was not grown without help of a fr iend.
-
Saadi
This textbook could not have been written without the assistance
of many people. First, I am deeply grateul to the two scholars who
brought me to the United States and gave me the opportunity to write
this book: Dr. William Fierman, Director of the Inner Asian and Uralic
National Resource Center, whose love of Central Asia, knowledge of
its cultures, and appreciation of the role of the national languages in
the formation of national identity make him an incomparable advocate
in the United States for the study of their languages and cultures; and
Dr. Bill Johnston for his excellent ideas and his deep understanding of
second-language pedagog, which have provided his students invalu
able guidance in developing textbooks with authentic materials.
Second, sincere thanks to Dr. Paul Foster, Director of CeLCAR,
for his support and dedication throughout this process and provid
ing all the resources needed to complete this book.
Third, I ofer deep thanks to Dr. Azim Baizoyev for editing he
Taj iki text; to Mikael Thompson for cowriting the English text and giv
ing help in all areas of the book's composition, and above all for better
explaining Taj iki grammar to native English speakers; and last but far
from least to my wife, Farzona Zehni, who was involved in all stages
ofthe book and without whose help the book could not have been writ
ten. Also, the practical tasks of writing this book were greatly eased
by the unstinting eforts of Alisher Davlatzoda, who provided techni
cal support of every kind. Finall, I would like to thank Tom Tu dek,
Jim
to hiromon Baqozoda, Tohiri Safar, Abdulfattoh Shaie, Na
siba
Mirpochoeva, Chris Whitsel, David Ga, and Amin Shohmurodov.
a
teu
l
Dr.
Nasrullo
Khojayori
Wo ods and Suhrob Karimov for design and illustrations.
I am also very thaul to all my friends who helped me by pro
viding pictures, videos, audios, and all oher assistance. I am especialy
g
r
INTRODUCTION
The Taj iki Reference Grammar has the aim of helping any
person learning Taj iki, whether in class or self-study. One of the
co-a uthors began work on it while learning of the language him
self,
and thus our major consideration has been to write from the
perspective of potential learners. We have written it in simple lan
guage, but with comprehensive treatment of all major grammati
ca l points of Taj iki, particularly those that might prove diicult
for native English speakers. It has been organized in traditional
fashion, starting with pronunciation and orthography. Nominals
(nouns, pronouns, and adjectives), which are very similar as a
group, are discussed next, and then the construction of nominal
and prepositional phrases and the simplest forms of equational
and existential sentences. The Taj iki verbal system and the con
struction of simple sentences is discussed next, ater which ad
verbs and other words whose position in a sentence is highly de
pendent on the surrounding parts of speech are treated. Finall,
the basic ways of forming compound and complex sentences are
discussed in detail. An important tool for the reader is the index,
which has been compiled with an eye to including references to
every important mention of Taj iki verb tenses (such as the tenses
used in the diferent kinds of compound and complex sentences),
izofat, use of the personal possessive markers as direct and indi
rect objects, and other topics that run throughout the book, so the
learner should refer to the index as well as the table of contents
whenever there is a question on a particular topic.
C
hapt
er
1
O
rt
h
o
graph
y
a
nd P
h
onology
1.
The Tajiki Alohabet
Th e Taj iki language used a modiied Arabic alphabet from
8th century until the 1920s. In 1928 the Latin alphabet was
adopted but a modiied Cyrillic alphabet became the oicial Taji
ki alphabet in 1940. The Cyrillic alphabet used for Tajiki contains
a
total of 35 letters. Of these, 24 are consonants and 6 (plus
a
variant of
H
only used at the end of the word) are vowels, while
4
H,
[H] followed by a vowel.
Following is a list of the Taj iki vowels, consonants, and yoted let
ters in the Cyrillic script.
Y
y,
J
(e)
Consonants:
6
,
B, r,
F, " K, 3,
H
,
K
,
(H
),
0
,
y
,
A, M,
H
,
n
,
T
,
»,
x
, �
,
I,
\
,
w, b
�
,
p,
c
,
Yoted letters:
e,
e,
0, 1
2.
Vowels
The six Taj iki vowels can be classiied according to their
phonetic fe atures-that
is, the position of the tongue and the
rounding of the lips when saying them: front/back, high/midi
low, and rounded/unrounded. Front vowels
(H,
J)
when the tongue moves backward. Mixed or cen
tral vowels
(y,
a
)
are produced when tongue stays in the middle
of the mouth. High vowels
(H, y),
mid vowels
(y,
0, J),
and the
low vowel
(a
0)
are produced when the height of the tongue is
high, mid, and low, respectively. Rounded vowels
(y,
y, 0)
are
produced with rounded lips, while unrounded vowels
(a, H,
)
J)
are pronounced with unrounded or "spread" lips. Unlike Eng
lish, Taj iki vowels are always "pure" (monophthongs), keeping
the same pronunciation throughout: The inal
w
sound in
show
or
shoe
does not occur with the Taj iki vowels
0
or
y,
nor does
H
or
J
have the inal
y
sound in
see
or
say.
the
indicate "yoted (or yotated) letters,"
Vowels:
a,
H
are produced
when the tongue moves forward during articulation and back
vowels
(y,
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