19.Tajiki Reference Grammar for Beginners.pdf

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BEGINNES

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Nasrullo Khojayori

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Mikael hom pson

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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......................

..................

........................

INTRODUCTION

...

.........................................

vii

CHAPTER 1 Orthography and Phonology

iMAO sa OSOWHHOCH .............................................. . ...............................

CHAPTER 2 Nominals and Prepositions

�Hcca�oH HOMHH HyT� sa neWORHA�O .. . ............................................

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

CHAPTER 3 Verbs

hojayori, Nasrullo.

Tajiki : n elementary textbook

Nasrullo Khojayori.

p.em.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-58901-263-9 (pbk. vol. 1 : alk. paper)-

ISBN 978-1-58901-264-6 (pbk. vol. 2: alk. paper)--

ISBN 978-1-58901-269-1 (pbk. reference grammar: alk. paper)

1. Tajik language--Textbooks for foreign speakers--English.

GLOSSARY

I. Title.

PK6973.K49 2009

491' .5782421--dc21

INDEX

2008052593

Georgetown University Press.

his grammar book, as well as oher language materials for Central Asian

Languages produced by CeLCAR, Indiana University-Bloomington, is

supported by a Title-VI grant from the Department of Education

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

iK rYAH MarCYA Aap HH 6YCTOH ,

I HAa HaWYA 6e M a AaAH AYCTOH.

-CabAH

There is no lower in the garden of goals

Which was not grown without help of a fr iend.

Saadi

This textbook could not have been written without the assistance

of many people. First, I am deeply grateul to the two scholars who

brought me to the United States and gave me the opportunity to write

this book: Dr. William Fierman, Director of the Inner Asian and Uralic

National Resource Center, whose love of Central Asia, knowledge of

its cultures, and appreciation of the role of the national languages in

the formation of national identity make him an incomparable advocate

in the United States for the study of their languages and cultures; and

Dr. Bill Johnston for his excellent ideas and his deep understanding of

second-language pedagog, which have provided his students invalu

able guidance in developing textbooks with authentic materials.

Second, sincere thanks to Dr. Paul Foster, Director of CeLCAR,

for his support and dedication throughout this process and provid

ing all the resources needed to complete this book.

Third, I ofer deep thanks to Dr. Azim Baizoyev for editing he

Taj iki text; to Mikael Thompson for cowriting the English text and giv

ing help in all areas of the book's composition, and above all for better

explaining Taj iki grammar to native English speakers; and last but far

from least to my wife, Farzona Zehni, who was involved in all stages

ofthe book and without whose help the book could not have been writ

ten. Also, the practical tasks of writing this book were greatly eased

by the unstinting eforts of Alisher Davlatzoda, who provided techni

cal support of every kind. Finall, I would like to thank Tom Tu dek,

Jim

to hiromon Baqozoda, Tohiri Safar, Abdulfattoh Shaie, Na

siba Mirpochoeva, Chris Whitsel, David Ga, and Amin Shohmurodov.

a teu

Dr.

Nasrullo

Khojayori

Wo ods and Suhrob Karimov for design and illustrations.

I am also very thaul to all my friends who helped me by pro

viding pictures, videos, audios, and all oher assistance. I am especialy

INTRODUCTION

The Taj iki Reference Grammar has the aim of helping any

person learning Taj iki, whether in class or self-study. One of the

co-a uthors began work on it while learning of the language him

self,

and thus our major consideration has been to write from the

perspective of potential learners. We have written it in simple lan

guage, but with comprehensive treatment of all major grammati

ca l points of Taj iki, particularly those that might prove diicult

for native English speakers. It has been organized in traditional

fashion, starting with pronunciation and orthography. Nominals

(nouns, pronouns, and adjectives), which are very similar as a

group, are discussed next, and then the construction of nominal

and prepositional phrases and the simplest forms of equational

and existential sentences. The Taj iki verbal system and the con

struction of simple sentences is discussed next, ater which ad

verbs and other words whose position in a sentence is highly de

pendent on the surrounding parts of speech are treated. Finall,

the basic ways of forming compound and complex sentences are

discussed in detail. An important tool for the reader is the index,

which has been compiled with an eye to including references to

every important mention of Taj iki verb tenses (such as the tenses

used in the diferent kinds of compound and complex sentences),

izofat, use of the personal possessive markers as direct and indi

rect objects, and other topics that run throughout the book, so the

learner should refer to the index as well as the table of contents

whenever there is a question on a particular topic.

C hapt er 1 O rt h o graph y a nd P h onology

The Tajiki Alohabet

Th e Taj iki language used a modiied Arabic alphabet from

8th century until the 1920s. In 1928 the Latin alphabet was

adopted but a modiied Cyrillic alphabet became the oicial Taji

ki alphabet in 1940. The Cyrillic alphabet used for Tajiki contains

a total of 35 letters. Of these, 24 are consonants and 6 (plus

variant of H only used at the end of the word) are vowels, while

[H] followed by a vowel.

Following is a list of the Taj iki vowels, consonants, and yoted let

ters in the Cyrillic script.

y, J (e)

Consonants: 6 , B, r, F, " K, 3, H , K ,

(H ), 0 ,

y ,

A, M, H , n ,

T ,

», x , � , I, \ , w, b

� ,

c ,

Yoted letters: e,

0, 1

Vowels

The six Taj iki vowels can be classiied according to their

phonetic fe atures-that is, the position of the tongue and the

rounding of the lips when saying them: front/back, high/midi

low, and rounded/unrounded. Front vowels (H,

when the tongue moves backward. Mixed or cen

tral vowels (y, a ) are produced when tongue stays in the middle

of the mouth. High vowels (H, y), mid vowels (y, 0, J), and the

low vowel (a

are produced when the height of the tongue is

high, mid, and low, respectively. Rounded vowels (y, y, 0) are

produced with rounded lips, while unrounded vowels (a, H,

)

are pronounced with unrounded or "spread" lips. Unlike Eng

lish, Taj iki vowels are always "pure" (monophthongs), keeping

the same pronunciation throughout: The inal w sound in show

or shoe does not occur with the Taj iki vowels 0 or y, nor does H or

have the inal y sound in see or say.

the

indicate "yoted (or yotated) letters,"

Vowels: a, H

are produced

when the tongue moves forward during articulation and back

vowels (y,

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