þ7uPî¬tPêäêäêäêäêäêäêäêäêäêäHì,ìHìHDîŒîŒîŒ î¬î¬î¬î¬6 Glossary AbanganÊThe broad peasant class of syncretistic Muslims in Indonesia, especially Java. ÔAbbaøsidsÊGreat dynasty of classical Islamic civilization (750Ð1258 c.e.). ÔAbdÊÒSlave,Ó Òservant,Ó especially of God. ÔAbd Allaøh means Òslave of God.Ó AbrahamicÊPertaining to the patriarch, to whom Jews, Christians, and Muslims all trace their spiritual origins. AdhaønÊThe ÒcallÓ to s.alaøt (ÒworshipÓ), uttered by the muÕadhdhin. Al-ah.kaøm al-khamsaÊThe Òfive principlesÓ of Islamic law relating to acts: fard. (ÒobligatoryÓ), sunna (ÒrecommendedÓ), mubaøh (ÒindifferentÓ), makruøh (ÒreprehensibleÓ), and h.araøm (ÒforbiddenÓ). Ahl al-Ôadl wa Ôl-tawh.õødÊÒThe People of Justice and (Divine) Unity,Ó the formal name that the MuÔtazilites gave themselves. Ahl al-BaytÊÒPeople of the House,Ó namely the family of the Prophet. Ahl al-KitaøbÊÒPeople of the Book,Ó meaning especially the Jews and Christians, but also the Zoroastrians. Tolerated as dhimmõøs by Muslim governments. ÔAlidÊOne who has special respect for ÔAli and his line. Extends to the political sphere but does not necessarily imply ShõøÔõø partisanship. ÔAølimÊOne learned in ÔAøilm, Òreligious knowledgeÓ (pl., ÔulamaøÕ). AllaøhÊÒGod.Ó A contraction of Arabic al-ilaøh, ÒThe God.Ó Ans.aørÊÒHelpers,Ó namely, the Medinans who joined with Muhammad and his Meccan Muslim followers in establishing the umma. ÔAqõødaÊA creedal statement in summary of basic religious beliefs. ÔAqõøqaÊCeremony of haircutting seven days after birth of Muslim child. ÔAs.abõøyaÊStrong group feeling, as of Arab tribes. Asbaøb nuzuøl al-QurÕaønÊThe Òoccasions of revelationÓ of the QurÕan. Historical events connected with times of specific revelations. ÔAøshuøraøÕÊThe ÒtenthÓ of the Muslim month of Muharram. A traditional day of fasting for Jews and, later, Muslims. Especially sacred to the ShõøÔõøs, because Imaøm Husayn was martyred on that day at KarbalaøÕ. Al-AsmaøÕ al-H.usnaøÊÒThe most beautiful NamesÓ of God, said to number ninety-nine. ÔAwraÊLiterally, Ògenitals.Ó The portions of the body that should be properly covered; malesÑfrom navel to knees, femalesÑall but the face, hands, and feet (according to the strictest observance). Aøya (pl., aøyaøt)ÊÒSignÓ of God in the created universe. Also means ÒverseÓ of the QurÕan. Aøyat AllaøhÊÒAyatollah.Ó Literally, Òsign of God,Ó but in Iranian ShõøÔism, the title of an especially revered member of the ÔulamaøÕ. BaqaøÕÊSufi technical term for eternal ÒabidingÓ with God. BarakaÊÒBlessing,Ó Òspiritual powerÓ (pl., barakaøt). BarzakhÊÒIsthmusÓ or ÒintervalÓ between death and resurrection. A kind of Muslim Òpurgatory.Ó BasmalaÊThe name of the invocation: Bismillaøhi Ôl-Rah.maøni Ôl-Rah.õøm (ÒIn the Name of God, the Beneficent, the Merciful.Ó) Baøt.inÊÒInterior,Ó Òesoteric,Ó particularly with respect to saving knowledge, or gnosis. BayÔaÊOath of allegiance to a ruler, especially a caliph. BidÔaÊÒInnovation,Ó meaning heresy in the context of Islamic law and doctrine. Bilaø kayfaÊÒWithout (asking) how,Ó Ahmad ibn HanbalÕs formula concerning the QurÕanÕs literal sense, including anthropomorphisms, which must be accepted, bilaø kayfa, regardless of rational objections. DahrÊÒTime,Ó or Òfate,Ó among the pre-Islamic Arabs. Daør al-IslaømÊÒThe Abode of Islam,Ó meaning those territories of the umma that are under Muslim control. The rest of the world is known as the Daør al-H.arb, ÒThe Abode of Warfare,Ó because it has not ÒsurrenderedÓ to God and come to enjoy the benefits of SharõøÕa rule. ÒDaughters of AllahÓÊThe three Arabian goddesses: al-Laøt, al-ÔUzzaø, and Manaøt, named in Suøra 53:19Ð20. The QurÕan rejects them. DaÔwaÊÒCall,Ó Òbidding,Ó to Islam. Missionary activity of Muslims. DhikrÊÒMentioning,Ó ÒrememberingÓ God. The central Sufi form of spiritual discipline, with many specific types. DhimmõøÊA member of the ÒPeople of the BookÓ (Ahl al-Kitaøb), who is protected in his or her minority status when living under Muslim rule, in exchange for certain obligations such as paying the Òhead taxÓ (jizya). From dhimma, a covenant of Òprotection.Ó DõønÊÒReligion,Ó especially in practice. Al-Dõøn al-Islaømõø means Òthe Islamic religion.Ó DuÔaøÕÊÒCallingÓ upon God in supplication or petition. Spontaneous and individual prayer, as distinguished from the formal prayer service of salaøt. Falaøh.ÊÒSuccess,Ó Òprosperity.Ó The most idiomatic Islamic parallel to the English word salvation. Applies to this life and the hereafter. FalsafaÊÒPhilosophy.Ó A philosopher is called in Arabic a faylasuøf (pl., falaøsifa). Borrowed from the Greek philosophia. fanaøÕÊÒPassing away,Ó Òextinction.Ó The Sufi technical term for the ceasing to be before attaining final union with God. faqõøhÊOne expert in fiqh; a jurist (pl., fuqahaøÕ). faqõørÊÒPoor person.Ó In Sufism, one who is a mendicant. Faqr is voluntary, that is, spiritual poverty as well as normal poverty. fard.ÊÒObligatoryÓ duty, as the five daily salaøts. Al-Faøtih.aÊÒThe Opening,Ó meaning the first suøra of the QurÕan. It is a prayer frequently uttered in many contexts. FatwaøÊA learned legal opinion produced by a muftõø, ÒjurisconsultÓ (pl., fataøwa). FiqhÊÒUnderstandingÓ of the law, and therefore jurisprudence. FitnaÊÒTrial,Ó Òtesting.Ó In Islamic history, great trials and tribulations experienced by the umma, as in the early dissensions (pl., fitan). Fit.raÊHumankindÕs natural constitution or disposition, which is believed to be sound. FurqaønÊÒCriterionÓ between right and wrong. A name for the QurÕan. Sometimes translated Òsalvation,Ó as is falaøh., but neither term means Òredemption.Ó GhaybaÊÒOcculation,Ó a sort of mysterious concealment. The Imaømõø ShõøÔõøs believe that their twelfth imaøm is concealed by ghayba but still ruling the world. GhazwaÊÒRaiding,Ó as in pre-Islamic Arabia. The chief object was camels. GhuslÊThe major ablution, entailing a full ritual bath, after major h.adath. H.adathÊImpurity, of which there are two kinds recognized by the Islamic law: ÒminorÓ (asghar) and ÒmajorÓ (akbar). The first refers to ritual impurity of a part of the body, the second to the whole body. Minor h.adath is removed by wud.uÕ; major by ghusl. H.adõøthÊÒReport,Ó Òevent,Ó Ònews.Ó A literary form that communicates a sunna of the Prophet Muhammad (pl., ah.aødõøth). H.adõøth QudsõøÊÒDivine saying.Ó GodÕs thoughts expressed in MuhammadÕs words. Occupies an exalted position between the QurÕan and the prophetic H.adith. H.aøfiz.ÊÒGuardian,Ó Òkeeper.Ó One who knows the QurÕan by heart (pl., h.uffaøz). H.ajjÊÒPilgrimageÓ to Mecca during pilgrimage month (Dhuø Õl-H.ijja). A male pilgrim is a h.aøjjõø, and a female a h.aøjja, which are terms of considerable honor. H.aølÊSufi Òstate,Ó an unearned grace on the mystic path to God (pl. ah.waøl). Contrasted with maqaøm, an earned ÒstationÓ on the path. H.alaølÊÒPermissible,Ó Òlawful,Ó as regarding food and activities. The opposite of h.araøm, Òforbidden.Ó H.anafiyaÊMadhhab of Sunni law founded by Abuø Hanõøfa (adj., H.anafõõø or Hanafite). H.anbalõøyaÊMadhhab of Sunni law founded by Ahmad ibn Hanbal (adj., H.anbalõø or Hanbalite). H.anõøfÊIn the QurÕan, means a pure or ÒgenericÓ monotheist, such as Abraham, who was not Jew, Christian, or qurÕanic Muslim (pl., h.unafaøÕ). H.aramÊÒSanctuary,Ó such as Mecca or Medina. The two together are called in Arabic Al-H.aramayn, Òthe two sanctuaries.Ó H.aram also means Òsacred,Ó Òforbidden,Ó Òtaboo,Ó Òholy.Ó H.araømÊIn Islamic law, means Òforbidden,Ó and punishable. Can also mean ÒsacredÓ and therefore also forbidden in the sense of taboo. Both h.aram and h.araøm express the ambivalence of the sacred, its terrible as well as its sublime sides. H.arõømÊÒHarem,Ó meaning the private quarters of a traditional Arab Muslim home where the women and children reside inviolate and out of sight of strangers. H.ijaøbÊÒCover, curtain, veil.Ó The Muslim practice of veiling women, either by covering the hair, or theÊentire head and face. In South Asia this is called purdah, and may also mean the seclusion of females. HijraÊÒEmigration,Ó especially of the Prophet and his companions in 622 from Mecca to Medina. HilaølÊThe new crescent moon, which marks the beginning of months and sacred seasons in Muslim countries. A symbol of the Islamic religion. H.ilmÊÒForbearance,Ó the mark of a superior man in pre-Islamic Arabia. Possessed only by the person of great spiritual as well as physical strength and courage. One of the names of God is Al-H.alõøm, ÒThe Gently Forbearing.Ó H.izbÊOne sixtieth of the QurÕan, a division recognized for systematic recitation of the entire scripture. A rubÔ al-h.izb, Òone quarter of a (sixtieth) section,Ó is recited in ten or fifteen minutes, and is a typical ÒturnÓ when several are reciting together. ÔIbaødaÊÒWorship,Ó especially the five pillars. Literally, Òservice.Ó ÔIødÊÒFestival.Ó There are two canonical festivals recognized by Islamic law: the great feast, known as al-ad.h.aø, ÒThe Feast of Sacrifice,Ó and the minor feast, called ÔIød al-fit.r, ÒThe Feast of Breaking the Ramadaøn Fast.Ó Ih.raømÊState of ritual purity and sanctity, achieved by renouncing certain activities and donning a special garb (also called ih.raøm) when commencing the hajj, or pilgrimage to Mecca. IÔjaøz al-QurÕaønÊÒMiraculous nature,Ó especially of the QurÕan. MuÔjiza means Òmiracle.Ó IjmaøÔÊÒConsensus,Ó one of the four sources of Sunnõø fiqh. IjtihaødÊIndependent legal reasoning, engaged in by a mujtahid. ÔIlmÊÒKnowledge,Ó ÒscienceÓ (pl. Ôuluøm, ÒsciencesÓ). Those who possess knowledge of the religious sciences are called the ÔulamaøÕ. ÔIlm al-rijaølÊÒThe scienc...
Januszek66