UNIX Commands.pdf

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[ x x ] cDc communications, inc. [ x x ]

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(U) (U)

Gibe's UNIX COMMAND Bible

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The latest file from the Cow's Information Series,

Franken's UNIX Command Bible is suitable for the UNIX

dilettante, as well as for the hardcore hack. Provides

easy reference for those hard-to-remember commands.

Attractive print-out fits well in any decor.

Edited by High Priest and Scribe, F. Gibe

"Smash the State! Have a Nice Day!" ........ 1987

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Command Description

~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~

awk Search for a pattern within a file. Includes

a built-in programming language.

bdiff Compares two large files.

bfs Scans a large file.

cal Displays a calendar.

cat Concatenates and prints files.

cc C compiler.

cd Change directory.

chgrp Changes a file's group ownership.

chmod Changes a file's access permissions.

chown Changes the individual ownership of a file.

cmp Compares two files; diplays the location (line

and byte) of the 1st difference between these.

comm Compares two files so as to determine which

lines are common to both.

cp Copies a file to another location.

cu Calls another UNIX system.

date Returns the date and time.

df Displays free space in the file system.

diff Displays the differences between two files

or directories.

diff3 Displays the differences between three files

or directories.

du Reports on file system usage.

echo Displays its argument.

ed Text editor.

ex Text editor.

expr Evaluates its argument which is generally

a mathematical formula.

f77 FORTRAN compiler.

find Locates the files w/ specified characteristics.

format Initializes a floppy disk.

grep Searches for a pattern within a file. (see awk)

help Salvation.

kill Ends a process.

ln Used to link files.

lpr Copies the file to the line printer.

ls Displays info. about one or more files.

mail Used to receive or deliver e-mail.

mkdir Creates a new directory.

more Displays a long file so that the user

can scroll through it.

mv Used to move or rename files.

nroff Used to format text.

ps Display a process's status.

pwd Display the name of the working directory.

rm Removes one or more files.

rmdir Deletes one or more directories.

sleep Causes a process to become inactive for a

specified length of time.

sort Sort and merge one or more files.

spell Finds spelling errors in a file.

split Divides a file.

stty Display or set terminal parameters.

tail Displays the end of a file.

troff Outputs formatted output to a typesetter.

tset Sets the terminal type.

umask Allows the user to specify a new creation

mask.

uniq Compares 2 files. Finds and displays lines

in one file that are unique.

uucp UNIX-to-UNIX execute.

vi Full screen editor.

wc Displays details in the file size.

who Info. on who else be online.

write Used to send a message to another user.

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That's the Summary. Now print it out, if you'd like. Good for fast

referencing. Following the Summary is a more in-depth look at each

of the commands already listed.

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awk program filenames

awk -f programfilenames filenames

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The [awk] utility can be used to find any lines in a file which

match a certain pattern; once found, these lines can be processed.

In the first configuration, the program that [awk] is to

execute is specified in the command line. In the second,

the program is stored as the file given in programfilename.

The -f option instructs [awk] to read this file.

[bdiff] is used to compare files too large for [diff]. See

[diff] for the format.

bfs filename

~~~~~~~~~~~~

[bfs] is used to scan a large file to determine where to split

it into smaller files.

cal 01-12 (month) 0-9999 (year)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

[cal] utility can be used to display a calendar of any year

from 0 to 9999 AD, and any or all of the twelve months.

cat filename

~~~~~~~~~~~~

[cat] can be used to examine a short file. See [more] for

lengthier files.

number[cc]

~~~~~~~~~~

The [cc] command changes the entire current line, or a group

of lines starting with the current line. [number] represents

the number of old lines to be deleted.

cd directory name

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The [cd] command causes the current working directory to be

changed. The [directory name] can be either a full or partial

path name.

chgrp groupname filename

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

This command changes the group ownership of a file.

chmod {ugoa} {+-} {rwx}

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The [chmod] utility changes a file's access permissions. [u]

specifies the user or owner's login name, [g] specifies a group

and [o] indicates all others. [a] indicates the user, group,

and all others; c'est the default. [+] adds permission; [-]

deletes it. [r] indicates read, [w] write, and [x] execute.

chown individualname filename

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

[chown] changes the individual ownership of a file (see chgrp).

cmp filename1 filename2

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

[cmp] is one of the four principle UNIX file comparison utilities.

It compares 2 files, and returns the positions where they differ.

comm -options filename1 filename2

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The [comm] utility, in comparing two files, produces three

columns of output. The first contains lines unique to the

first file, the second, lines unique to the second, and the

third column, lines common to both files. By placing the

numbers [1], [2], and/or [3] in the [options] position, any

one (or more) of these columns can be suppressed.

cp sendingfile receivingfile

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The [cp] command copies a file. [sendingfile] is the file to be

copied, [receivingfile] is the file to which it is copied.

diff [options] filename1 filename2

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Again, a file comparison utility. However, with [diff], the

differences are displayed as instructions that can be used

to edit the files so that they are identical.

diff3 filename1 filename2 filename3

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Similar to [diff], [diff3] is unique in that it can compare

three files. Gee.

ed filename

~~~~~~~~~~~

One of the UNIX's three editing utilities, [ed] is a basic line

editor. I'm sure there are other files that will explain how

to use [ed]. Thus, I'll confine myself to a rough outline:

e filename ........... edit a different file

f filename ........... changes the currently specified file.

h .................... provides explanation of errors.

text ................. inserts text before the current line.

line,linel ........... lists the specified lines.

line,linen ........... displays specified lines, preceded by

their line numbers.

q .................... exit from [ed]

w .................... writes buffer to current filename.

+ or - ............... +number of lines closer to end

-number of lines closer to beginning.

expr formula

~~~~~~~~~~~~

Utility which evaluates an expression.

find directory searchcriteria parameter actioncriteria parameter

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The [find] utility can be very useful indeed, especially when

confronted by a UNIX with countless files. Basically, this

command finds files which meet certain criteria, and then

performs an operation (such as printing the files). Search

criteria consists of the following:

Criteria Parameter Description

~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~

-name filename Files whose names match [filename]

will meet this criteria.

-type filetype Files whose type matches that specified

[b] block special will meet criteria.

[c] character spec. file

[d] directory file

[f] plain file

-links +/- x Files with # of links indicated by

+ or - x meet this criteria.

-user login name Files belonging to user with given

or user ID # login name or ID # meet criteria.

-group group name Files belonging to group with given

or group ID # group name or ID # meet this criteria.

-size + or - x Files greater than +x bytes or less

than -x bytes meet this criteria.

-atime + or - x Files not accessed within +x days,

accessed within -x days, or acc-

essed x days ago meet criteria.

-mtime + or - x Files NOT modified within +x days,

modified within -x days, or modified

x days ago will meet this criteria.

-newer filename Files modified more recently than

[filename] meet this criteria.

Action Criteria " "

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~

-print - When search criteria are met, path

name of the file is displayed.

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