Computer Embedded Software 2009 - (Malestrom).pdf - systemy wbudowane - ekirdwasto

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BIOLOGICALLY

INSPIRED

COMPUTING

/p. 95

DIGITAL WALLET

/p. 100

REQUIREMENTS-

BASED

VISUALIZATION

TOOLS

/ p. 106

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Computer

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computer era

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Computer

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Computer

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Editor in Chief

Carl K. Chang

Iowa State University

chang@cs.iastate.edu

Associate Editor in Chief,

Research Features

Kathleen Swigger

University of North Texas

kathy@cs.unt.edu

Computing Practices

Rohit Kapur

rohit.kapur@synopsys.com

2009 IEEE Computer

Society President

Susan K. (Kathy) Land, CSDP

president@computer.org

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Perspectives

Bob Colwell

bob.colwell@comcast.net

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Associate Editor in Chief,

Special Issues

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Web Editor

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Area Editors

Computer Architectures

Steven K. Reinhardt

AMD

Databases and Information

Retrieval

Erich Neuhold

University of Vienna

Distributed Systems

Jean Bacon

University of Cambridge

Graphics and Multimedia

Oliver Bimber

Bauhaus University Weimar

High-Performance Computing

Vladimir Getov

University of Westminster

Human-Centered Computing

Alex Jaimes

Telefonica R&D, Madrid, Spain

Information and

Data Management

Naren Ramakrishnan

Virginia Tech

Multimedia

Savitha Srinivasan

IBM Almaden Research Center

Networking

Sumi Helal

University of Florida

Software

Dan Cooke

Texas Tech Universit y

Robert B. France

Colorado State University

Software Technologies

Mike Hinchey

Lero—the Irish Software

Engineering Centre

Standards

John Harauz

Jonic Systems Engineering Inc.

Web Technologies

Simon S.Y. Shim

San Jose State University

CS Publications Board

Sorel Reisman (chair),

Alain April, Angela Burgess,

Frank E. Ferrante, David A.

Grier, Audrey Kremer, Phillip

A. Laplante, Paolo Montuschi,

Jon Rokne, R. Sampath, Steve

Seidman, Linda I. Shafer, Roy

Sterritt, Steven L. Tanimoto

Column Editors

Embedded Computing

Tom Conte

Georgia Tech

Entertainment Computing

Michael C. van Lent

Soar Technology

Green IT

Kirk W. Cameron

Virginia Tech

IT Systems Perspectives

Richard G. Mathieu

James Madison University

Invisible Computing

Bill N. Schilit

Google

The Known World

David A. Grier

George Washington University

The Profession

Neville Holmes

University of Tasmania

Security

Jeffrey M. Voas

SAIC

CS Magazine

Operations Committee

David A. Grier (chair),

David Albonesi, Isabel Beichl,

Arnold (Jay) Bragg, Carl Chang,

Kwang-Ting (Tim) Cheng, Fred

Douglis, Hakan Erdogmus,

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Milojicic, Sethuraman (Panch)

Panchanathan, Crystal R. Shif,

Maureen Stone, Fei-Yue Wang,

Roy Want, Jeff Yost

Advisory Panel

Thomas Cain

University of Pittsburgh

Doris L. Carver

Louisiana State University

Ralph Cavin

Semiconductor Research Corp.

Dan Cooke

Texas Tech Universit y

Ron Hoelzeman

University of Pittsburgh

Naren Ramakrishnan

Virginia Tech

Ron Vetter

University of North Carolina

at Wilmington

Alf Weaver

University of Virginia

Editorial Staff

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Senior Acquisitions Editor

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Managing Editor

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Senior Editor

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Staff

Products and

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Senior Editorial

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Publication

Coordinator

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Senior News Editor

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Assistant Editor

Design and Production

Larry Bauer

Cover Art

Dirk Hagner

Design

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Senior Business

Development Manager

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Senior Advertising

Coordinator

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APRIL 2009

Computer

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Computer

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http://computer.org/computer

ABOUT THIS ISSUE

E mbedded software shapes our world

through cell phones, satellites, medical

and home appliances, and automotive com-

ponents—with defects causing life-threatening

situations and delays creating huge costs. In

this issue, we provide an over view of te chniques

and methods that impact embedded-software

engineering. We also look at digital rights

management, cloud computing costs, reliable

distributed storage, and a Web-based question-

answering system.

53 Model-Based Verification of

PERSPECTIVES

28 How Viable Is Digital Rights

Embedded Software

Hesham Shokry and Mike Hinchey

Current advances in model-based

development technology indicate that

embedded-software developers can expect

more tool support for the whole embedded-

software spectrum, from applications to

system software.

Management?

Seong Oun Hwang

Technologies that aim to protect digital content

have fallen short of their mission. The computing

community must nd ways to make protection

schemes interoperable and adopt a use model

that lifts restrictions on paid-for protected

content.

RESEARCH FEATURES

60 Reliable Distributed Storage

Gregory Chockler, Rachid Guerraoui,

Idit Keidar, and Marko Vukolic´

A distributed storage service lets clients

abstract a single reliable shared storage

device using a collection of possibly

unreliable computing units. Algorithms that

implement this abstraction oer certain

tradeos and vary according to dimensions

such as complexity, the consistency

semantics provided, and the types of failures

tolerated.

COMPUTING PRACTICES

35 The Real Cost of a CPU Hour

Edward Walker

IT organizations can now outsource computer

hardware by leasing CPU time through cloud

computing services. A proposed modeling tool

can quantitatively compare the cost of leasing

CPU time from these online services to that of

purchasing and using a server cluster of

equivalent capability.

COVER FEATURES

42 Embedded Software: Facts,

68 Searching for Definitional

Answers on the Web Using

Figures, and Future

Christof Ebert and Capers Jones

Surface Patterns

Alejandro Figueroa, Günter Neumann,

and John Atkinson

A novel question-answering system employs

query rewriting techniques to increase the

probability of extracting nuggets from

various Web snippets by matching surface

patterns. Experimental results show the

approach’s promise versus existing

techniques.

Due to the complex system context of

embedded-software applications, defects can

cause life-threatening situations, delays can

create huge costs, and insucient productivity

can impact entire economies. Providing better

estimates, setting objectives, and identifying

critical hot spots in embedded-software

engineering requires adequate benchmarking

data.

Computer

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Computer

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IEEE Computer Society: http://computer.org

Computer: http://computer.org/computer

computer@computer.org

IEEE Computer Society Publications Oce: +1 714 821 8380

Cover artwork by Dirk Hagner

Flagship Publication of the IEEE

Computer Society

___________

April 2009, Volume 42, Number 4

COMPUTING TIMES

10 The Known World

Top of the News

David Alan Grier

100 Invisible Computing

The Digital Wallet: Opportunities and Prototypes

Rajesh Krishna Balan and Narayan Ramasubbu

14 32 & 16 Years Ago

Computer , April 1977 and 1993

Neville Holmes

103 Entertainment Computing

Testing Behavioral Models with an Online Game

Michael Zyda, Marc Spraragen, and Balakrishnan

Ranganathan

NEWS

17 Industry Trends

Complex-Event Processing Poised

for Growth

Neal Leavitt

106 Software Technologies

Requirements-Based Visualization Tools

for Software Maintenance and Evolution

Jim Buckley

21 Tech nolog y News

Securing the Internet’s Routing

Infrastructure

Sixto Ortiz Jr.

110 Broadening Participation

in Computing

Increasing Participation of Females and

Underrepresented Minorities in Computing

Peggy Doerschuk, Jiangjiang Liu,

and Judith Mann

24 News Briefs

Linda Dailey Paulson

116 The Profession

In-House Programming Is Not Passé:

Automating Originality

Kai A. Olsen

MEMBERSHIP NEWS

87 IEEE Computer Society

Connection

93 Call and Calendar

DEPARTMENTS

4 Elsewhere in the CS

6 Letters

16 Computer Society Information

81 Bookshelf

82 Career Opportunities

86 Advertiser/Product Index

COLUMNS

95 AI Redux

Biologically Inspired Computing

Josh Bongard

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Computer

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