Sailing - Introductory Handbook For Sailing Boats.pdf - Podręczniki - nannyboo

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ............................................................ 1

Introductory Handbook

SAILING BASICS ............................................................ 2

Directions ........................................................... 2

Heading Up and Falling Off............................................. 2

Coming About and Jibing ............................................... 2

Port and Starboard Tacks ............................................... 3

Right of Way Rules ................................................... 3

Collision Courses ..................................................... 3

Sail Trim ............................................................ 4

for

Sailing Boats

SAILING THE LIDO .......................................................... 5

Leaving the Dock ..................................................... 5

Coming About ....................................................... 6

Heaving To .......................................................... 6

Jibing .............................................................. 7

Circles Around a Buoy ................................................ 8

Steering While Drifting Backwards ....................................... 8

Man Overboard Drill .................................................. 9

Avoiding Capsizes, Righting After a Capsize ............................... 9

Anchoring .......................................................... 10

Docking ........................................................... 11

In Case of Grounding ................................................. 11

Equipment Failure ................................................... 11

at the

CAL SAILING CLUB

June 11, 2002

KNOTS FOR RIGGING LIDOS ................................................ 12

Bowline............................................................ 12

Triple Half Hitch in a Bight ............................................ 12

Cleat Hitch ......................................................... 13

Figure Eight Knot .................................................... 13

Reef Knot .......................................................... 13

Slip Knot for Attaching Halyards ........................................ 14

HOW TO RIG A LIDO ....................................................... 15

Using the Hoist ...................................................... 16

Centerboard Controls ................................................. 16

Boom Topping Lift ................................................... 16

Rudder, Tiller and Paddle.............................................. 17

Sails .............................................................. 18

Reefing ............................................................ 18

Taking Over A Pre-Rigged Boat ........................................ 19

Derigging .......................................................... 19

Folding Sails ........................................................ 20

KEY CSC RULES FOR JUNIOR SKIPPERS ..................................... 21

SAILING DICTIONARY ..................................................... 22

INTRODUCTION

SAILING BASICS

There's no substitute for actual sailing if you want to learn to sail. This book is only

intended as a technical reference, to reinforce sailing lessons with information on:

Directions

A sailboat's course is the direction it is

heading.

Wind

Windward

- basic sailing terminology and concepts (see dictionary on the last two pages)

- maneuvers taught in the Lido lessons,

- knots and details of how to rig the Lidos

The skipper usually sits on the windward

(upwind) side of the boat, and the sails are

on the leeward (downwind, pronounced

lew' ard) side.

Ahead

Aft

You also should read the Operating Rules Handbook to learn about the sailing area

boundaries, Novice and Junior Skipper ratings, and other regulations that you are

required to know. These are included on the written portion of the Junior Skipper

test.

Leeward

The wind direction is named for its

source. A west wind comes from the west.

For Beginners

If you're new to sailing, relax--you're in good company. Most new members of the Cal

Sailing Club do not know how to sail when they join. Put this book down until later,

and go sailing.

Heading Up and Falling Off

Heading up means turning toward the wind, so the

boat is pointed more toward the direction the wind

is coming from.

Wind

Falling off, the opposite of heading up, means

turning away from the wind.

Heading Up

Falling Off

Safety First

While sailing is less dangerous than other outdoor sports, there are certain risks you

should guard against.

Coming About and Jibing

Coming about and jibing are the two ways of

turning a sailboat so that the sails switch from

one side to the other.

Always wear a lifejacket when out on a boat (that's a club rule), and practice floating

in it if you're not comfortable with going in the water. Watch out for the boom, and

don't stand up in the boat unless you're absolutely sure it's safe to do so.

Wind

If there's wind, sailing can be wet and cold. A wet suit is ideal, but if you don’t have

one, dress in warm clothing, with a waterproof outer layer. Wear windsurfer booties

or shoes that won't slip on wet plastic. Be alert for hypothermia, first signalled by

uncontrollable shivering, that can slow your reactions and distort your judgement.

Coming about (also called tacking) means

heading up, briefly pointing toward the wind

during the turn, and falling off until the boat is

sailing again. The sails will flap their way

across the boat as it turns.

Come About

Jibe

Sunburn can lead to skin cancer. Wear a hat and sunscreen.

If your equipment fails and you can’t sail back to the dock, anchor and signal for a

rescue. The distress signal consists of waving your arms up and down at your sides.

When the rescue skiff arrives, follow the dayleader's instructions.

Jibing means falling off, pointing away from

the wind, and causing the sail to be flipped across the boat. The safest way to jibe is

to pull the sail across to the middle while pointing directly away from the wind, then

let it out to the other side.

Wind

Points of Sail

Wind

Points of sail are names for the angle

between a sailboat and the wind.

In irons means the boat is pointed directly

into the wind (an angle of 0 degrees).

Beam Reach

Close hauled means the boat is pointed at

about 45 degrees to the wind.

Boats on

Port Tack

Boats on

Starboard Tack

The fastest way to get directly upwind is to

sail closehauled, coming about in 90 degree

turns to switch direction.

Zigzagging upwind in

this manner is called

beating , possibly

because of the wind and

spray suffered by the crew in heavy weather (high winds and

waves).

Port and Starboard Tacks

Port and starboard tacks, critical to right of way rules, refer to which side the

mainsail is on . The port side of the boat is the left one when you are facing forward,

and starboard the right. On a port tack, the wind is coming from the port side or from

behind the boat (unless you're by the lee) and the mainsail is on the starboard side.

Wind

45 degrees

90 degrees

Beating

Right of Way Rules

The government right of way rules apply between windsurfers as well as sailboats

when there are no docks, rocks, or other obstructions to hamper maneuvering. In

order of priority, the rules are:

A close reach is any upwind course at an angle between about 45 and 90 degrees. A

beam reach is when the wind direction is at about 90 degrees to the boat's direction

of travel.

1) When one boat (or windsurfer) is overtaking another, the slower one has right of

way.

A broad reach is more than 90 degrees and less than about 135 (=90+45) degrees.

A run is when the wind is behind the boat. A dead run is sailing straight downwind.

2) When the two boats are on different tacks; the one on starboard tack has right of

way.

By the lee is when the wind is coming from the same side of the boat that the sail is

on. Sailing by the lee can be dangerous, since if the boat turns farther or if the wind

shifts direction, the boat will accidentally jibe when the wind catches the back side of

the sail.

3) If both boats are on the same tack, the leeward (downwind) boat has right of way.

If you have right of way, hold your course and signal the other boat. If they don't

respond, change your course to avoid the collision.

Sail Trim

The power from sails

depends on the angle

between the wind and the

sail. Sail trim is the

adjustment of that angle.

Wind

Collision Courses

Check frequently for other boats or windsurfers coming your way, and always do so

before coming about, jibing, or turning suddenly. A boat or windsurfer coming at you

is on a collision course if it appears to stay in a fixed position relative to an object or

landmark on the horizon.

<30

~30

>30

To go upwind or across the

wind, a boat must get lift

from its sails. Sails develop

Completel

Partiall

Maximum

Lift

Stalled

Luffing

the most lift at an angle of about 30 degrees to the wind blowing across the boat * . To

go downwind, the wind pushes the sails, and they develop maximum power when let

out all the way.

(getting stuck in the mud) and equipment failures on the water.

Leaving the Dock

Before leaving the dock, check the boat over carefully (all hull drain plugs in place?

everyone's lifejacket on?) and make sure the mainsheet is not caught around the

rudder . If it's caught, take off the rudder to free the mainsheet.

When a sail is not pulled in at an angle to the wind, it flaps in the wind like a flag. In

sailing terminology, it is completely luffing .

As the sail is pulled in, it becomes partly luffing : the back part takes on a curved

shape, while the front part (near the mast or forestay) continues to flutter or retain a

bubble-like indentation.

Before casting off, check for boats or windsurfers approaching the dock.

Coming About

To come about, you gently push the tiller into the sail ,

and the boat heads up from the old tack and then falls

off onto the new tack as it continues to turn.

Wind

At an angle of about 30 degrees to the wind direction across the boat, the sail is full

and develops maximum lift. At angles greater than 30 degrees, the sail is stalled.

The wind pushes on the sail, but does not create much lift.

Fall Off on

New Tack

Both steering and the sheets (lines to adjust the sail's position) affect sail trim. If a

sail is luffing, it can usually be filled by either pulling in its sheet or falling off. If it's

stalled, either let out the sheet or head up slightly until it starts to luff, then pull it in

or fall off until it's full.

You should cross from one side to the other as the

boom comes across, so your weight is ready to balance

the boat on the new tack. To avoid a capsize, uncleat

the mainsheet as soon as the sail luffs. You'll have

more room to get across if you lift the tiller up.

Cross Over as

Sail Flaps Across

Head Up

To get the most force out of a sail when on a close haul, close reach, or beam reach,

pull it in (or fall off) until it just stops luffing. On a broad reach or run, let out the sail

as far as it will go.

You can cross either facing backwards or facing

forwards . In either case, you will be passing the tiller

from one hand to the other, and also changing the hand

you use for the mainsheet. You can let go of the mainsheet, but don't drop the tiller.

Facing backwards makes it easier to pass the tiller from one hand to another, although

facing forwards lets you watch where you're going.

Telltales are yarn streamers attached to the shrouds and jib. The shroud telltales (on

the wires that hold up the mast) are useful for judging the direction of the wind

blowing across the boat.

The jib telltales (sewn through the jib) provide a sensitive indication of sail trim.

When both jib telltales stream back, the jib is at the proper angle to the wind for

maximum lift. When the windward (near) telltale flutters, the jib is starting to luff;

when the leeward (far) telltale flutters, the jib is starting to stall.

If you are hiked out (sitting out on the rail above the seat to balance the boat in strong

wind) before the come about, fold the hiking stick as you come into the boat, and hold

both the hiking stick and tiller together as you cross. When you get up on the rail on

the other side, you can unfold the hiking stick again.

* also called apparent wind, since it is influenced by the boat's speed.

SAILING THE LIDO

The maneuvers described below--leaving the dock, coming about, jibing, sailing in

small circles, sailing backwards, righting after a capsize, anchoring, and docking--

involve skills that are absolutely necessary to safely handle a small boat. For this

reason, they are included in a Junior Skipper sailing test.

Always check with your crew before coming about. Call out "Ready about?" and

wait for their "Ready" signal before beginning; then call out "Helm's a-lee!" or

"Coming About!" as you actually head up.

Also, be sure to check for windsurfers or other boats that may collide with you when

you come about.

The maneuvers can be done in different ways, and not all the possible ways to do

them are described below. Also described below are how to deal with groundings

The crew should release the jib when it starts to luff, and let the wind carry it across

to the other side, then bring the jib in when it starts to fill on the other tack.

Heaving To

Heaving to is used to stabilize the boat for offshore picnics, changing drivers out on

the water, or bailing out the boat. It is done like a come about, but the jib is left in

place while letting the mainsail out completely and gradually swinging the tiller to the

leeward (downwind) side of the boat as you slow down.

you are in the center of the boat, be prepared to move quickly to balance the boat after

the jibe.

Once the boat is on a run, your body should be between the tiller and the sail. The

tiller can be rested against your hip, butt, or leg (depending on which way you're

facing), so you can steer by pushing on the tiller. Both hands are then freed to pull in

the mainsheet. When the boom is in over the boat, grab the tiller and steer to cause

the jibe (tiller away from the sail), while holding the mainsheet with the other hand.

Don't let go of the tiller!

Heaving to can also be used to allow a person fallen overboard to swim back to the

boat. If done immediately, heaving to keeps the boat fairly close.

Jibing

To jibe safely, you bring the mainsail in when the

boat is on a run, then turn slightly so the wind

catches its other side, and let it swing out onto

the other side of the boat. By manually bringing

the sail partway across, you prevent its sweeping

violently across the boat and possibly injuring

someone who may be standing up.

Fall Off to

Dead Run

You can tell when the jibe is about to happen because the mainsheet goes slack.

In heavy wind and waves, try to pull in the boom just as a wave passes underneath the

boat, and jibe just as the next wave passes underneath. When the boat is moving

fastest, the force on the sail is least.

Wind

Pull in Sail

Wind

Fall Off

Steer and

Flip Sail

Hauled

You must be ready to use your weight and

steering to prevent a capsize. The boat must be

balanced with the mast straight upright, or it may

turn unintentionally. After the jibe, you may

have to hike out and pull hard on the tiller to

prevent a spinout and tipover capsize.

Buoy

Come

About

Jibe

Balance

and Steer

Hauled

Head

You can jibe facing backward or forward. If facing backward, you pull in the sail

using the mainsheet near the transom, while facing forward you use the mainsheet

near the cleat. Whichever way you face, you should not be handling the mainsheet

overhead or behind your back, where you could get entangled.

Circles Around a Buoy

Sailing in a small circle around a buoy requires that you come about and jibe quickly,

just as you may need to do to avoid collisions.

Never start a jibe without warning the crew, since they could get their skull cracked

by the boom swinging across, or their nose skinned by the boom vang. You should

also remember to stay low during the jibe, lest the boom tell you how it got its name.

Call out prepare to jibe before starting a jibe, and jibe ho (or DUCK!! ) as the boom

starts to cross.

The figure shows the steps involved in sailing a small circle. The come about and jibe

occur when the buoy, as seen from the boat, is 90 degrees away from the wind

direction. The circle has a corner because you have to hold a close hauled course

before and after coming about.

Steering While Drifting Backwards

Steering while the Lido drifts backwards is required to leave a crowded dock, and can

be useful to recover control if you stop while coming about. As mentioned before,

it’s difficult to steer while drifting backwards if the centerboard is not fully down.

Before jibing, you must fall off (tiller away from the sail) toward a dead run. While

on a broad reach, your weight may be needed to balance the boat, but as soon as you

reach a run, you may need to move to the center of the boat.

Always move to the center of the boat or the same side as the sail before jibing. If

When the boat is drifting backwards, the tiller works the opposite way compared to

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